Do green bonds de-risk investment in low-carbon stocks?

2022 ◽  
pp. 105765
Author(s):  
Juan C. Reboredo ◽  
Andrea Ugolini ◽  
Javier Ojea-Ferreiro
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Risk Investment

scholarly journals Pendugaan Potensi Karbon Jenis-Jenis Tanaman Berkayu di Pekarangan Desa Tegalwaru, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Nurheni Wijayanto ◽  
Maulana Musthofa Rasyiid Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Carbon Potential ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
Nephelium Lappaceum

Global warming is an environmental issue that related to the forestry. The strategy to reduce greenhouse gases emissions can be done by mitigation and adaptation. Agroforestry is one of excellent step for mitigation. One example of agroforestry form is home garden. Home garden is a system of land use which is located around the home. This research aims to estimate total carbon stock potential in all of kinds of woody plants in home garden at Tegalwaru Village, Ciampea, Bogor. This research use allometric method. The study was conducted in 30 home gardens of Tegalwaru Village selected by randomly. The results showed that there were 31 species of woody plants. Plants that dominate, namely: rambutans (Nephelium lappaceum), rose apple (Syzygium aqueum), mango (Mangifera indica), and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). The total amount of biomass and carbon stocks for woody plants there is 14.98 ton ha-1 and 7.04 ton ha-1. Carbon stocks in woody plants at home garden of Tegalwaru Village is low carbon stocks. Keywords: allometric, carbon potential, home garden, Tegalwaru Village, woody plants

scholarly journals Carbon Stocks Estimate of Padang City West Sumatra Province

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Triyatno Triyatno
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Open Land

The most fundamental problem in this research is land cover change into settlement area and open land that occurred are high in Padang City, so the forest has reduced. If cover land of forest reduced, while population, industry and transportation growth increase the environmental gap due to plants absorbing emissions released by human activity is reduced. As a result the surface temperature becomes warmer. If this is left continuously, the hydrometeorology disaster will threaten Padang City. In general, this research aims to determine how the phenomenon of climate change that occurred in Padang City based on the estimation of carbon stocks in accordance with land cover. Analysis of the occurrence of climate change can be known based on the tendency of temperature data and rainfall data contained in Padang City. In addition, climate change can be analyzed based on changes in land cover and carbon stocks. Based on the result, it is known that Padang City since 1989 experienced considerable changes, especially changes from forest to settlements and mixed land. That land cover changes, indirectly cause the carbon stocks of Padang City also decreased. This is because other land cover rather than forests have low carbon stocks, especially settlements and open land that do not have carbon stock. Carbon stocks reduced, it is assumed to cause increasing air temperature and reducing rainfall.

scholarly journals Interdependence Between Renewable-Energy and Low-Carbon Stock Prices

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Reboredo ◽  
Andrea Ugolini ◽  
Yifei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Asset Prices ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Copula Functions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Economy

In the transition to a low-carbon economy, climate-resilient investors may be inclined to buy renewable-energy or other low-carbon assets. As the diversification benefits of investment positions in those assets depend on interdependence between their market prices, we explore that interdependence in the European and USA stock markets. We model the dependence structure using bivariate copula functions and evaluate price spillovers between those markets using a conditional quantile dependence approach that accounts for the reciprocal effects of price movements in those markets under normal and extreme market scenarios. Our empirical evidence for the period 2010–2019 indicates that European renewable-energy and low-carbon stocks co-move; upward and downward movements in low-carbon asset prices have sizeable effects on renewable-energy asset prices, and vice versa, although effects are smaller. In contrast, for the USA we find evidence of non-interdependence, with no significant upward or downward price spillover effects between renewable-energy and low-carbon stocks. Our empirical findings provide useful insights for the design of carbon-resilient portfolios and risk management strategies, and also for implementation of public funding policies to support the transition to a low-carbon economy.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems between Conservation Agriculture and Conventional Practice in The Asal Area of Machakos County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-133
Author(s):  
Vincent O Rabach ◽  
James Koske ◽  
Monicah Mucheru Muna ◽  
Jonathan Muriuki ◽  
Innocent Osoro Ngare
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Conventional Practice

Dryland ecosystems have always been prone to relatively high vegetation and general environmental degradation; translating to changes in soil physical and chemical properties and massive carbon losses. Despite their vast surface area, Carbon sequestration therein still remains low. However, this low carbon means they are less saturated and therefore a tremendous potential therein to sequester more Carbon. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) presents an opportunity to reduce the degradation and enhance the carbon stocks. This study was set to compare the biomass productivity and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry between conventional and conservation agriculture practice. The  study was carried out as part of ongoing experimentation established in short rain (SR) season of 2012 by the World Agroforestry Centre in a trial site at the Agricultural Training Centre (ATC) in Machakos county, Kenya. The trials adopted a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with two farming systems (conventional and conservation agriculture) as the main blocks, 7 treatments and three replicates, summing to a total of 42 plots. In the fields, two shrub species (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. and Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) were planted in three different spacing (1.5x1 m, 3x1 m, 4.5x1 m) for maize-legume intercrops. Trees were harvested by coppicing, weighed and leaf/twig samples taken for determination of biomass, which was then converted to Carbon using a conversion factor 0.5. The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and means separated using LSD at p <0.05. Results showed significant increase in carbon sequestration under conservation agriculture (p <0.001), with a yearly sequestration potential of between 12.8 and 24 Mg C/ha/yr compared to 11.6-23 Mg C/ha/yr for conventional practice. Calliandra also sequestered more carbon than Gliricidia. CAWT is therefore concluded to be a feasible way of increasing carbon stocks in the drylands.

S.E.M.-T.E.M. Image Comparison

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
G. M. Greene ◽  
J. W. Sprys
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Actual Surface ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Transmission Study ◽  
Large Sections

The present study demonstrates that fracture surfaces appear strikingly different when observed in the transmission electron microscope by replication and in the scanning electron microscope by backscattering and secondary emission. It is important to know what form these differences take because of the limitations of each instrument. Replication is useful for study of surfaces too large for insertion into the S.E.M. and for resolution of fine detail at high magnification with the T.E.M. Scanning microscopy reduces sample preparation time and allows large sections of the actual surface to be viewed.In the present investigation various modes of the S.E.M. along with the transmission mode in the T.E.M. were used to study one area of a fatigue surface of a low carbon steel. Following transmission study of a platinum carbon replica in the T.E.M. and S.E.M. the replica was coated with a gold layer approximately 200A° in thickness to improve electron emission.

Lattice Imaging of Twin, Lath and α/Martensite Boundaries in Duplex Low Carbon Steels

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
J. Y. Koo ◽  
G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ferrite Matrix ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Lattice Imaging ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Lattice Image ◽  
New Information ◽  
Resolution Electron

High resolution electron microscopy has been shown to give new information on defects(1) and phase transformations in solids (2,3). In a continuing program of lattice fringe imaging of alloys, we have applied this technique to the martensitic transformation in steels in order to characterize the atomic environments near twin, lath and αmartensite boundaries. This paper describes current progress in this program.Figures A and B show lattice image and conventional bright field image of the same area of a duplex Fe/2Si/0.1C steel described elsewhere(4). The microstructure consists of internally twinned martensite (M) embedded in a ferrite matrix (F). Use of the 2-beam tilted illumination technique incorporating a twin reflection produced {110} fringes across the microtwins.

Characterization of carbides in M50NiL

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
L. S. Lin ◽  
K. P. Gumz ◽  
A. V. Karg ◽  
C. C. Law
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Carbide Formation ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fee Structure ◽  
Heat Treated

Carbon and temperature effects on carbide formation in the carburized zone of M50NiL are of great importance because they can be used to control surface properties of bearings. A series of homogeneous alloys (with M50NiL as base composition) containing various levels of carbon in the range of 0.15% to 1.5% (in wt.%) and heat treated at temperatures between 650°C to 1100°C were selected for characterizations. Eleven samples were chosen for carbide characterization and chemical analysis and their identifications are listed in Table 1.Five different carbides consisting of M6C, M2C, M7C3 and M23C6 were found in all eleven samples examined as shown in Table 1. M6C carbides (with least carbon) were found to be the major carbide in low carbon alloys (<0.3% C) and their amounts decreased as the carbon content increased. In sample C (0.3% C), most particles (95%) encountered were M6C carbide with a particle sizes range between 0.05 to 0.25 um. The M6C carbide are enriched in both Mo and Fe and have a fee structure with lattice parameter a=1.105 nm (Figure 1).

Thermomechanical Treatment of a 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy Steel

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 314-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Jahn ◽  
J.C. Yang ◽  
C.M. Wan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Thermomechanical Treatment ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
4340 Steel ◽  
Good Improvement

4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel is widely used due to its good combination of strength and toughness. The mechanical property of 4340 steel can be improved by various thermal treatments. The influence of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) has been studied in a low carbon Ni-Cr-Mo steel having chemical composition closed to 4340 steel. TMT of 4340 steel is rarely examined up to now. In this study we obtain good improvement on the mechanical property of 4340 steel by TMT. The mechanism is explained in terms of TEM microstructures4340 (0.39C-1.81Ni-0.93Cr-0.26Mo) steel was austenitized at 950°C for 30 minutes. The TMTed specimen (T) was obtained by forging the specimen continuously as the temperature of the specimen was decreasing from 950°C to 600°C followed by oil quenching to room temperature. The thickness reduction ratio by forging is 40%. The conventional specimen (C) was obtained by quenching the specimen directly into room temperature oil after austenitized at 950°C for 30 minutes. All quenched specimens (T and C) were then tempered at 450, 500, 550, 600 or 650°C for four hours respectively.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

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