Leaf gas exchange, water status and radiation use efficiency of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in a changing soil nitrogen fertilization and soil water availability in a semi-arid Mediterranean area

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 56-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore L. Cosentino ◽  
Cristina Patanè ◽  
Emanuele Sanzone ◽  
Giorgio Testa ◽  
Danilo Scordia
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Arundo Donax L

scholarly journals Soil water effect on crop growth, leaf gas exchange, water and radiation use efficiency of Saccharum spontaneum L. ssp. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hackel in semi-arid Mediterranean environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Scordia ◽  
Giorgio Testa ◽  
Salvatore L. Cosentino ◽  
Venera Copani ◽  
Cristina Patanè
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Water Effect ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use ◽  
Semi Arid

Great effort has been placed to identify the most suited bioenergy crop under different environments and management practices, however, there is still need to find new genetic resources for constrained areas. For instance, South Mediterranean area is strongly affected by prolonged drought, high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and extremely high temperatures during summertime. In the present work we investigated the soil water effect on crop growth and leaf gas exchange of <em>Saccharum</em> <em>spontaneum</em> L. ssp. <em>aegyptiacum</em> (Willd.) Hackel, a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous grass. Furthermore, the net increase of biomass production per unit light intercepted [radiation use efficiency (RUE)] and per unit water transpired [water use efficiency (WUE)] was also studied. To this end a field trial was carried out imposing three levels of soil water availability (I<sub>100</sub>, I<sub>50</sub> and I<sub>0</sub>, corresponding to 100%, 50% and 0% of ETm restutition) under a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Leaf area index (LAI), stem height, biomass dry matter yield, CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate, and transpiration rate resulted significantly affected by measurement time and irrigation treatment, with the highest values in I<sub>100</sub> and the lowest in I<sub>0</sub>. RUE was the highest in I<sub>100</sub> followed by I<sub>50</sub> and I<sub>0</sub>; on the other hand, WUE was higher in I<sub>0</sub> than I<sub>50</sub> and I<sub>100</sub>. At LAI values greater than 2.0, 85% photosynthetically active radiation was intercepted by the <em>Saccharum</em> stand, irrespective of the irrigation treatment. <em>Saccharum</em> <em>spontaneum</em> spp. <em>aegyptiacum</em> is a potential species for biomass production in environment characterized by drought stress, high temperatures and high VPD, as those of Southern Europe and similar semi-arid areas.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Regime and Nitrogen Fertilisation on Growth Dynamics, Water Status and Yield of Burley Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
C Ruggiero ◽  
G Angelino ◽  
S Ascione ◽  
A Napolitano
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽  
Burley Tobacco ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractThe results of a two-year research project into burley tobacco are reported and discussed. Three irrigation levels (40, 80 and 120% restitution of evapotranspiration (ET)) were factorially combined with four levels of nitrogen fertilisation (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha). Leaf area, leaf and stem dry matter and root development were measured. We monitored the water status of the 0-90 cm soil layer, the plants and stomatal resistance. Relations were also studied between leaf turgor pressure and plant growth, between the irrigation regime and plant water status, and between root and shoot development. Finally, water use efficiency (WUE) and quality and quantity of cured leaves yields were evaluated. Nitrogen fertilisation did not affect plant water status, although it promoted plant growth, both in terms of leaf area and leaf and stem dry matter, and induced a yield increase in quantity and quality. Our trial showed little interaction between nitrogen fertilization level and water regime. Under such agronomic condition, the margins for increasing plant growth with nitrogen fertilization are limited, which is why application of nitrogen rates in excess of 160 kg haappear inadvisable. The difference in irrigation volumes led to a different soil water content which affected plant water status, stomatal functioning, plant growth, both in the roots and shoots, yield and quality of the cured leaves. The latter did not vary with the increase in water volume, while yield increased. Water use efficiency increased as the irrigation volume decreased and varied during the cropping cycle, increasing until early bloom, then decreasing. Relations between leaf turgor pressure and plant growth highlighted the different response of plants subjected to water stress compared with non-stressed plants.

Partial rootzone drying improves almond tree leaf-level water use efficiency and afternoon water status compared with regulated deficit irrigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregorio Egea ◽  
Ian C. Dodd ◽  
María M. González-Real ◽  
Rafael Domingo ◽  
Alain Baille
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying

To determine whether partial rootzone drying (PRD) optimised leaf gas exchange and soil–plant water relations in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) compared with regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), a 2 year trial was conducted on field-grown trees in a semiarid climate. Five irrigation treatments were established: full irrigation (FI) where the trees were irrigated at 100% of the standard crop evapotranspiration (ETc); three PRD treatments (PRD70, PRD50 and PRD30) that applied 70, 50 and 30% ETc, respectively; and a commercially practiced RDI treatment that applied 50% ETc during the kernel-filling stage and 100% ETc during the remainder of the growth season. Measurements of volumetric soil moisture content in the soil profile (0–100 cm), predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), midday stem water potential (Ψms), midday leaf gas exchange and trunk diameter fluctuations (TDF) were made during two growing seasons. The diurnal patterns of leaf gas exchange and stem water potential (Ψs) were appraised during the kernel-filling stage in all irrigation regimes. When tree water relations were assessed at solar noon, PRD did not show differences in either leaf gas exchange or tree water status compared with RDI. At similar average soil moisture status (adjudged by similar Ψpd), PRD50 trees had higher water status than RDI trees in the afternoon, as confirmed by Ψs and TDF. Although irrigation placement showed no effects on diurnal stomatal regulation, diurnal leaf net photosynthesis (Al) was substantially less limited in PRD50 than in RDI trees, indicating that PRD improved leaf-level water use efficiency.

scholarly journals RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF MAIZE UNDER INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND TWO DIFFERENT SEASONAL CONDITIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Autumn Season ◽  
Positive Performance ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Radiation Use

The objective of this study to estimate  the Radiation Use Efficiency  under effect of three levels of nitrogen (N1 = 80 Kg N ha-1,  N2 =120 Kg  N ha-1, and   N3=160 Kg N ha-1) for a set of maize hybrids include (Gloria, Market, Cruze and Draxma) in two different seasons in spring and fall  of 2017 in Qlyasn-Sulaimani. The experiment was conducted using split plot design with three replicates . The results revealed higher intensity of PAR in autumn season than that of spring (15.672 and 10.555)MJm-2d-1  respectively that led to higher RUE in autumn revealing (4.311,3.546, and 4.702)g MJ-1 m-2 under the effect of (N1,N2, and N3) respectively, while the results of the autumn were higher (5.237, 4.681, and 6.019) g MJ-1 m-2  under the same levels of nitrogen fertilization, the highest application of nitrogen was more effective in autumn. The RGR and the rate of total dry matter accumulation were higher in autumn season displaying positive performance of studied  maize hybrids to the higher intercepted of solar energy as well higher temperature.

scholarly journals Mechanical Harvesting Has Little Effect on Water Status and Leaf Gas Exchange in Citrus Trees

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Tan Li ◽  
James P. Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Photosystem Ii Efficiency ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Citrus Trees

Mechanical harvesting of citrus trees can cause physical injuries, such as shedding of leaves, exposing roots, and scuffing bark. Although mechanical harvesting usually has not reduced yield, physiological consequences to the tree from these visible injuries have not been investigated. We hypothesized that physical injuries to tree canopies and root systems from a properly operated trunk shaker would not cause short-term physiological effects. Tree water status and leaf gas exchange of mature `Hamlin' and `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees that were harvested by a trunk shaker were compared to hand-harvested trees. A trunk shaker was operated with adequate duration to remove >90% of mature fruit or with excessive shaking time under various environmental conditions and drought stress treatments throughout the harvest season. Mid-day stem (Ψstem) and leaf (Ψleaf) water potentials along with leaf gas exchange were measured before and after harvest. Trees harvested by the trunk shaker did not develop altered water status under most conditions. Trees harvested with excessive shaking time and/or with limited soil water supply developed low Ψstem resembling Ψstem of drought-stressed trees. However, water potential of all treatments recovered to values of the well-irrigated, hand-harvested trees after rainfall. In addition, mechanical harvesting did not reduce CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, or photosystem II efficiency as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. Thus, despite visible injuries, a properly operated trunk shaker did not result in any measurable physiological stress.

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