A quantitative study of the climate-responsive design strategies of ancient timber-frame halls in northern China based on field measurements

The paper presents a comparative study of the climate responsive design strategies and indoor thermal performance of three vernacular houses in Guanshan Township of eastern Taiwan by building survey and instrument measurements. These houses are all about 80 years old. They are of Chinese style, Japanese style, and a mixture of both styles. All three houses are popular building types in the region. Key findings include: (1) Space buffer, thermal insulation, ground exposure, and natural ventilation are the key elements of climate responsive design strategies. (2) The climate responsive design strategies of the three buildings, while using similar building material, are not the same. They are strongly associated with the buildings’ cultural roots as well as the buildings’ use patterns. (3) The Chinese-style house is a heat rejecter. It is comfortable in spring and summer. The mixed-style house is a heat keeper. It is comfortable in winter and spring. The Japanese-style house is well-ventilated and has equal thermal comfort level at around 50% in all seasons. It is uncommon that vernacular buildings from different cultural traditions coexist in the same region. This study provides detail appraisals of their respective sustainable design strategies in hot and humid climate.

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An investigation on climate responsive design strategies of vernacular housing in Vietnam

Building and Environment ◽

10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.019 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 2088-2106 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Anh-Tuan Nguyen ◽

Quoc-Bao Tran ◽

Duc-Quang Tran ◽

Sigrid Reiter

Keyword(s):

Design Strategies ◽

Responsive Design

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Global modeling of heterogeneous hydroxymethanesulfonate chemistry

10.5194/acp-2020-643 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shaojie Song ◽

Tao Ma ◽

Yuzhong Zhang ◽

Lu Shen ◽

Pengfei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transport Model ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Organosulfur Compound ◽

Northern China ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

Global Modeling ◽

Sulfur Chemistry ◽

Key Factor

Abstract. Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) has recently been identified as an abundant organosulfur compound in aerosols during winter haze episodes in northern China. It has also been detected in other regions, although the concentrations are low. Because of the sparse field measurements, the global significance of HMS and its spatial and seasonal patterns remain unclear. Here, we implement HMS chemistry into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and conduct multiple global simulations. The developed model accounts for cloud entrainment and gas–aqueous mass transfer within the rate expressions for heterogeneous sulfur chemistry. Our simulations can generally reproduce the available HMS observations, and show that East Asia has the highest HMS concentration, followed by Europe and North America. The simulated HMS shows a seasonal pattern with higher values in the colder period. Photochemical oxidizing capacity affects the competition of formaldehyde with oxidants (such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide) for sulfur dioxide and is a key factor influencing the seasonality of HMS. The highest average HMS concentration (1–3 μg m−3) and HMS/sulfate molar ratio (0.1–0.2) are found in northern China winter. The simulations suggest that aqueous clouds act as the major medium for HMS chemistry while aerosol liquid water may play a role if its rate constant for HMS formation is greatly enhanced compared to cloud water.

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Climate Responsive Design and Features Explore of Paul Rudolph’s Light Wood Residences

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202128301027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 283 ◽

pp. 01027

Author(s):

Xue Jihui ◽

Zhuang Shaopang ◽

Lan Xinning

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Subtropical Climate ◽

Design Practice ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Design Features ◽

Material Technology ◽

Heat Protection ◽

Building Facades ◽

Responsive Design ◽

Technical Principles

In the middle of the 20th century, Paul Rudolph’s design practice of light wood residences in Sarasota area was well adapted to the local hot and humid subtropical climate. By tracing the origin of Paul Rudolph’s thought of climate responsive design, it’s possible to realize the design features of Paul Rudolph’s early works from heat protection and ventilation, and sum up the strategies and construction of his light wood residences for climate responsive design. Based on the characteristics of subtropical heat and humidity, Rudolph focused on innovations in building facades, roofs, and spaces, and proposed a series of climate-responsive design strategies and methods. Rudolph’s light wood practice has its own value in terms of technical principles, material technology, and regional characteristics, which are both rational and perceptual, and has enlightening value for the application of light buildings in subtropical areas and the design of contemporary light wood buildings.

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Seismic Resistance of Timber Frames with Mud and Stone Infill Walls in a Chinese Traditional Village Dwelling

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings11120580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 580

Author(s):

Yinlan Shen ◽

Xingchen Yan ◽

Piyong Yu ◽

Hui Liu ◽

Guofang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Strength ◽

Northern China ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Transverse Wall ◽

Seismic Capacity ◽

Infill Walls ◽

Full Size ◽

Timber Frame ◽

Lateral Resistance ◽

Ductility Ratio

Traditional Chinese wood residences consist of timber frames with masonry infill walls or other types of infill, representing valuable heritage. A field investigation of traditional village dwellings in northern China consisting of timber frames with mud and stone infill walls was conducted. Their construction characteristics are reported, and static cyclic tests were performed on two full-size wood-stone hybrid walls with different configurations (exterior transverse wall and internal transverse wall) and no openings (doors or windows). Their failure mechanics and seismic capacity, i.e., the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were investigated. The results are compared with a previous experimental study of two full-size timber frames with the same traditional structure but no infill to determine the effect of the mud and stone infill on the lateral resistance. The experimental results indicate that the stone infill has a critical influence on the lateral performance of traditional village buildings, resulting in a high lateral stiffness, high strength (>20 kN), and a high ductility ratio (>10). An increase in the vertical load leads to an increase in the lateral resistance of the timber frame with infill walls, larger for the internal transverse wall than the external gable wall. The incompatibility of the deformation between the timber frame and stone infill is the main failure reason, resulting in falling stones and collapse with undamaged timber frames. Suggestions are provided for the protection and repair of traditional wood residences in northern China.

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An investigation on the climate-responsive design strategies of vernacular dwellings in Khams

Building and Environment ◽

10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106248 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 106248 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Qian Nie ◽

Shichen Zhao ◽

Qun Zhang ◽

Peng Liu ◽

Zhuoyu Yu

Keyword(s):

Design Strategies ◽

Responsive Design

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Assessment of carbonaceous aerosols in Shanghai, China – Part 1: long-term evolution, seasonal variations, and meteorological effects

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-17-9945-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 9945-9964 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Yunhua Chang ◽

Congrui Deng ◽

Fang Cao ◽

Chang Cao ◽

Zhong Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Source Area ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Northern China ◽

Urban Atmosphere ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽

Diurnal Cycles ◽

Potential Source

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols are major chemical components of fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) with major impacts on air quality, climate change, and human health. Gateway to fast-rising China and home of over twenty million people, Shanghai throbs as the nation's largest mega city and the biggest industrial hub. From July 2010 to December 2014, hourly mass concentrations of ambient organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in the PM2. 5 fraction were quasi-continuously measured in Shanghai's urban center. The annual OC and EC concentrations (mean ±1σ) in 2013 (8.9 ± 6.2 and 2.6 ± 2.1 µg m−3, n =  5547) and 2014 (7.8 ± 4.6 and 2.1 ± 1.6 µg m−3, n =  6914) were higher than those of 2011 (6.3 ± 4.2 and 2.4 ± 1.8 µg m−3, n =  8039) and 2012 (5.7 ± 3.8 and 2.0 ± 1.6 µg m−3, n =  4459). We integrated the results from historical field measurements (1999–2012) and satellite observations (2003–2013), concluding that carbonaceous aerosol pollution in Shanghai has gradually reduced since 2006. In terms of monthly variations, average OC and EC concentrations ranged from 4.0 to 15.5 and from 1.4 to 4.7 µg m−3, accounting for 13.2–24.6 and 3.9–6.6 % of the seasonal PM2. 5 mass (38.8–94.1 µg m−3), respectively. The concentrations of EC (2.4, 2.0, 2.2, and 3.0 µg m−3 in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively) showed little seasonal variation (except in winter) and weekend–weekday dependence, indicating EC is a relatively stable constituent of PM2. 5 in the Shanghai urban atmosphere. In contrast to OC (7.3, 6.8, 6.7, and 8.1 µg m−3 in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively), EC showed marked diurnal cycles and correlated strongly with CO across all seasons, confirming vehicular emissions as the dominant source of EC at the targeted site. Our data also reveal that both OC and EC showed concentration gradients as a function of wind direction (WD) and wind speed (WS), generally with higher values associated with winds from the southwest, west, and northwest. This was consistent with their higher potential as source areas, as determined by the potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis. A common high-potential source area, located along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River instead of northern China, was pinpointed during all seasons. These results demonstrate that the measured carbonaceous aerosols were driven by the interplay of local emissions and regional transport.

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Increasing soil carbon stocks in eight typical forests in China

10.5194/bg-2019-319 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jianxiao Zhu ◽

Chuankuan Wang ◽

Zhang Zhou ◽

Guoyi Zhou ◽

Xueyang Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Net Primary Production ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Northern China ◽

Aboveground Net Primary Production ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Soil Carbon Stocks ◽

Soc Stock ◽

Soc Stocks

Abstract. Forest soils represent a major stock of organic carbon (C) in the terrestrial biosphere, but the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock are poorly quantified, especially based on direct field measurements. In this study, we investigated the 20-year changes in the SOC stocks at eight sites from southern to northern China. The averaged SOC stocks increased from 125.2 ± 85.2 Mg C ha−1 in the 1990s to 133.6 ± 83.1 Mg C ha−1 in the 2010s across the forest sites, with a mean increase of 127–908 kg C ha−1 yr−1. This SOC accumulation was resulted primarily from both leaf litter and fallen logs and equivalent to 3.6–16.3 % of aboveground net primary production. Our findings provide strong evidence that China's forest soils have been acting as significant carbon sinks although their strength varies with forests in different climates.

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Global modeling of heterogeneous hydroxymethanesulfonate chemistry

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-21-457-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 457-481

Author(s):

Shaojie Song ◽

Tao Ma ◽

Yuzhong Zhang ◽

Lu Shen ◽

Pengfei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transport Model ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Organosulfur Compound ◽

Northern China ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

Global Modeling ◽

Sulfur Chemistry ◽

Key Factor

Abstract. Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) has recently been identified as an abundant organosulfur compound in aerosols during winter haze episodes in northern China. It has also been detected in other regions although the concentrations are low. Because of the sparse field measurements, the global significance of HMS and its spatial and seasonal patterns remain unclear. Here, we modify and add to the implementation of HMS chemistry in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and conduct multiple global simulations. The model accounts for cloud entrainment and gas–aqueous mass transfer within the rate expressions for heterogeneous sulfur chemistry. Our simulations can generally reproduce quantitative HMS observations from Beijing and show that East Asia has the highest HMS concentration, followed by Europe and North America. The simulated HMS shows a seasonal pattern with higher values in the colder period. Photochemical oxidizing capacity affects the competition of formaldehyde with oxidants (such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide) for sulfur dioxide and is a key factor influencing the seasonality of HMS. The highest average HMS concentration (1–3 µg m−3) and HMS ∕ sulfate molar ratio (0.1–0.2) are found in northern China in winter. The simulations suggest that aqueous clouds act as the major medium for HMS chemistry while aerosol liquid water may play a role if its rate constant for HMS formation is greatly enhanced compared to cloud water.

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Validation of Sentinel-2, MODIS, CGLS, SAF, GLASS and C3S Leaf Area Index Products in Maize Crops

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13224529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 4529

Author(s):

Huinan Yu ◽

Gaofei Yin ◽

Guoxiang Liu ◽

Yuanxin Ye ◽

Yonghua Qu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Land Surface ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Northern China ◽

Area Index ◽

Global Land ◽

D 20 ◽

Phenological Metrics ◽

Sentinel 2

We proposed a direct approach to validate hectometric and kilometric resolution leaf area index (LAI) products that involved the scaling up of field-measured LAI via the validation and recalibration of the decametric Sentinel-2 LAI product. We applied it over a test study area of maize crops in northern China using continuous field measurements of LAINet along the year 2019. Sentinel-2 LAI showed an overall accuracy of 0.67 in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and it was used, after recalibration, as a benchmark to validate six coarse resolution LAI products: MODIS, Copernicus Global Land Service 1 km Version 2 (called GEOV2) and 300 m (GEOV3), Satellite Application Facility EUMETSAT Polar System (SAF EPS) 1.1 km, Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) 500 m and Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) 1 km V2. GEOV2, GEOV3 and MODIS showed a good agreement with reference LAI in terms of magnitude (RMSE ≤ 0.29) and phenology. SAF EPS (RMSE = 0.68) and C3S V2 (RMSE = 0.41), on the opposite, systematically underestimated high LAI values and showed systematic differences for phenological metrics: a delay of 6 days (d), 20 d and 24 d for the start, peak and the end of growing season, respectively, for SAF EPS and an advance of −4 d, −6 d and −6 d for C3S.

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