Primary and Secondary Aerosols in Small Passenger Vehicle Emissions: Evaluation of Engine Technology, Driving Conditions, and Regulatory Standards

Abstract. A mobile laboratory was used to measure on-road vehicle emission ratios during the MCMA-2003 field campaign held during the spring of 2003 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). The measured emission ratios represent a sample of emissions of in-use vehicles under real world driving conditions for the MCMA. From the relative amounts of NOx and selected VOC's sampled, the results indicate that the technique is capable of differentiating among vehicle categories and fuel type in real world driving conditions. Emission ratios for NOx, NOy, NH3, H2CO, CH3CHO, and other selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are presented for chase sampled vehicles and fleet averaged emissions. Results indicate that colectivos, particularly CNG-powered colectivos, are potentially significant contributors of NOx and aldehydes in the MCMA. Similarly, ratios of selected VOCs and NOy showed a strong dependence on traffic mode. These results are compared with the vehicle emissions inventory for the MCMA, other vehicle emissions measurements in the MCMA, and measurements of on-road emissions in US cities. Our estimates for motor vehicle emissions of benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in the MCMA indicate these species are present in concentrations higher than previously reported. The high motor vehicle aldehyde emissions may have an impact on the photochemistry of urban areas.

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The Costs of Compliance: An Environmental Justice Analysis of Automobile Emissions Testing Siting in Metropolitan Chicago

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118790618 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (3) ◽

pp. 185-193

Author(s):

Kate Lowe ◽

Lauren Nolan

Keyword(s):

Environmental Justice ◽

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Environmental Consequences ◽

Regulatory Standards ◽

Testing Facility ◽

Before And After ◽

Black Residents ◽

Clean Air ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Emissions Testing

Ensuring automobile tailpipe emissions meet regulatory standards is an important mechanism for implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments. Research has documented the inequitable distribution of air pollution and its negative impacts, but little is known about how the costs of reducing vehicle emissions are distributed. Spurred by the closure of the sites for mandatory vehicle emissions testing within the city of Chicago, this study examines how implementation details—specifically emissions testing siting—could have unintended negative environmental consequences and how the burdens of traveling to emissions testing sites are distributed by race and income. A conservative estimate projects 1.9 million additional miles traveled from Chicago to suburban emissions testing sites during a two-year testing cycle, following the closures of Chicago’s testing sites. Both before and after the closings, higher shares of poor and Black residents, who are protected by federal environmental justice rules, show statistically significant correlations with increased travel time to a testing facility. However, the prior time and distance advantage associated with higher shares of White, non-Latino residents is no longer statistically significant due to worsened access to facilities. From a historic perspective, this does not represent an environmental justice improvement, as rather than improving historically worse access for protected population groups, public facilities became less accessible. The study demonstrates the need for emissions testing programs to conduct environmental justice analyses of travel to testing sites and suggests to researchers the importance of retrospective environmental justice analysis to consider the continued legacy of past inequities.

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Passenger Vehicle Emissions in Indonesia: Future Projections

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v11n6p222 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 222

Author(s):

Abdi Pratama ◽

Akihiro Tokai

Keyword(s):

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Low Cost ◽

Travel Distance ◽

Annual Income ◽

Passenger Vehicle ◽

Future Projections ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

The People ◽

Strict Enforcement ◽

Vehicle Purchase

This study examines the effect of the low-cost green car (LCGC) policy that was introduced to control emissions from passenger vehicles in Indonesia. We examine the policy’s effectiveness by estimating the level of emissions of CO, HC, NO, CO2 under two scenarios: with and without LCGCs. The affordable price of LCGCs and the strict enforcement of the vehicle purchase system led us to estimate the growth in the number of vehicles using minimum annual income as a measure of people’s ability to buy a new car. An annual income of US$4,500–$10,000 was considered to represent the people who could buy an LCGC. Annual travel distance was obtained from a survey of drivers, and the deterioration factor from the Euro 2 standard was used. The results showed that the LCGC policy will potentially cause a significant increase in emissions of CO, HC, and NO by 2030. The LCGC scenario predicted 1,389.7, 31.0, and 279.5 tons of CO, NO, and HC, respectively, compared with 670.3, 15.1, and 136.6 tons, respectively, for the scenario without LCGCs, an increase of 51.7%, 48%, and 51.2%, respectively. For amount of CO2, although LCGC policy could save more than 104,881 tons, the gap is increasing until end of projection in 2030, 3.3 times bigger between corresponding year, 49,411 tons and 14,892 tons for with and without LCGC policy, respectively.

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Real-world fuel economy and emission levels of a typical EURO-IV passenger vehicle

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1243/095440705x28277 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 219 (6) ◽

pp. 833-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S Samuel ◽

D Morrey ◽

M Fowkes ◽

D H C Taylor ◽

L Austin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Real World ◽

Passenger Vehicle ◽

Passenger Car ◽

The Real ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Driving Conditions ◽

The Uk

This paper presents the findings of research into real-world emission levels of a typical EURO-IV passenger car in the United Kingdom (UK). Four real-world drive cycles representing typical urban driving in the UK were used for the experiments. The work identified that the real-world emission levels of a EURO-IV vehicle in the UK are significantly higher than the certified legislative emission levels. The present work also identified that tailpipe-out carbon monoxide is the most affected emission specie in a gasoline-powered vehicle for real-world driving conditions.

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CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF DRIVING CONDITIONS AND ON-ROAD EMISSIONS TRENDS FOR VEHICLES

Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering ◽

10.4090/juee.2017.v11n1.63-72 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 63-72

Author(s):

Jawad Hilmi Al-rifai

Keyword(s):

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Vehicle Speed ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

The Road ◽

Grade Parameter ◽

Road Grade ◽

Driving Conditions ◽

The Impact

This paper presents the impact of road grade, vehicle speed, number of vehicles and vehicle type on vehicle emissions. ANOVA analyses were conducted among different driving conditions and vehicle emissions to discover the significant effects of driving conditions on measured emission rates. This study is intended to improve the understanding of vehicle emission levels in Jordan. Gas emissions in real-world driving conditions were measured by a portable emissions measurement unit over six sections of an urban road. The road grade, speed, type and number of vehicles were found to have a significant influence on the rate of gas emissions. Road grade and diesel-fueled vehicles were positively correlated with average emission rates. The average emission rates were higher at speeds ranging between 60–69 km/hr than at three other speed ranges. The results of ANOVA showed a strong and consistent regression between rates of emissions measured and grade, speed and diesel vehicle parameters. The grade parameter contributed the most to the rate of emissions compared to other parameters. Gasoline vehicles contributed the least.

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Potential of big data approach for remote sensing of vehicle exhaust emissions

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84890-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lijun Hao ◽

Hang Yin ◽

Junfang Wang ◽

Xiaohu Wang ◽

Yunshan Ge

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Big Data ◽

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Specific Power ◽

Scientific Management ◽

Vehicle Emission ◽

Vehicle Exhaust ◽

Threshold Limit ◽

Driving Conditions

AbstractAt present, remote sensing (RS) is applied in detecting vehicle exhaust emissions, and usually the RS emission results in a definite vehicle specific power (VSP) range are used to evaluate vehicle emissions and identify high-emitting vehicles. When the VSP exceeds this range, the corresponding vehicle emission RS data will not be used to assess vehicle emissions. This method is equivalent to setting only one VSP Bin qualified for vehicle emission evaluation, and generally only one threshold limit is given for each emission pollutant without considering the fluctuation characteristics of vehicle emissions with VSP. Therefore, it is easy to cause misjudgment in identifying high-emitting vehicles and is not conducive to scientific management of vehicle emissions. In addition, the vehicle emissions outside the selected VSP Bin are more serious and should be included in the scope of supervision. This research proposed the methods of vehicle classifications and VSP Binning in order to categorize the driving conditions of each kind of vehicles, and a big data approach was proposed to analyze the vehicle emission RS data in each VSP Bin for vehicle emission evaluation.

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THE IMPACT OF DRIVING CONDITIONS ON LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN REAL-WORLD DRIVING

Transport ◽

10.3846/transport.2020.12168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 379-388

Author(s):

Dong Guo ◽

Jinbao Zhao ◽

Yi Xu ◽

Feng Sun ◽

Kai Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Real World ◽

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Vehicle Emission ◽

Road Test ◽

Light Duty ◽

Emission Models ◽

Light Duty Vehicle ◽

Driving Conditions

To accurately estimate the effect of driving conditions on vehicle emissions, an on-road light-duty vehicle emission platform was established based on OEM-2100TM, and each second data of mass emission rate corresponding to the driving conditions were obtained through an on-road test. The mass emission rate was closely related to the velocity and acceleration in real-world driving. This study shows that a high velocity and acceleration led to high real-world emissions. The vehicle emissions were the minimum when the velocity ranged from 30 to 50 km/h and the acceleration was less than 0.5 m/s2. Microscopic emission models were established based the on-road test, and single regression models were constructed based on velocity and acceleration separately. Binary regression and neural network models were established based on the joint distribution of velocity and acceleration. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of prediction and evaluation under different emission models, total error, second-based error, related coefficient, and sum of squared error were considered as evaluation indexes to validate different models. The results show that the three established emission models can be used to make relatively accurate prediction of vehicle emission on actual roads. The velocity regression model can be easily combined with traffic simulation models because of its simple parameters. However, the application of neural network model is limited by a complex coefficient matrix.

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Dominant Contributions of Secondary Aerosols and Vehicle Emissions to Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions of PM2.5 in an Urban Site in the Metropolitan Hangzhou, China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12111529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1529

Author(s):

Chun Xiong ◽

Shaocai Yu ◽

Xue Chen ◽

Zhen Li ◽

Yibo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Inorganic Ions ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Urban Site ◽

Online Systems ◽

Seasonal Characteristics ◽

Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽

Secondary Aerosols ◽

The Mean ◽

Mass Concentrations

Water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) are important components in PM2.5 and could strongly affect the acidity and hygroscopicity of PM2.5. In order to achieve the seasonal characteristics and determine the potential sources of WSIIs in PM2.5 in Hangzhou, online systems were used to measure hourly mass concentrations of WSIIs (SO42–, NO3–, NH4+, Cl–, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) as well as PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 at an urban site for one month each season (May, August, October, December) in 2017. Results showed that the hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5 during the whole campaign varied from 1 to 292 μg·m−3 with the mean of 56.03 μg·m−3. The mean mass concentration of WSIIs was 26.49 ± 20.78 μg·m−3, which contributed 48.28% to averaged PM2.5 mass. SNA (SO42–, NO3– and NH4+) were the most abundant ions in PM2.5 and on average, they comprised 41.57% of PM2.5 mass. PM2.5, NO2, SO2 and WSIIs showed higher mass concentrations in December, possibly due to higher energy consumption emissions, unfavorable meteorological factors (e.g., lower wind speed and temperature) and regional transport. Results from PCA models showed that secondary aerosols and vehicle emissions were the dominant sources of WSIIs in the observations. Our findings highlight the importance of stronger controls on precursor (e.g., SO2 and NO2) emissions in Hangzhou, and show that industrial areas should be controlled at local and regional scales in the future.

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