scholarly journals Passenger Vehicle Emissions in Indonesia: Future Projections

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Abdi Pratama ◽  
Akihiro Tokai
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
The People ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

This study examines the effect of the low-cost green car (LCGC) policy that was introduced to control emissions from passenger vehicles in Indonesia. We examine the policy’s effectiveness by estimating the level of emissions of CO, HC, NO, CO2 under two scenarios: with and without LCGCs. The affordable price of LCGCs and the strict enforcement of the vehicle purchase system led us to estimate the growth in the number of vehicles using minimum annual income as a measure of people’s ability to buy a new car. An annual income of US$4,500–$10,000 was considered to represent the people who could buy an LCGC. Annual travel distance was obtained from a survey of drivers, and the deterioration factor from the Euro 2 standard was used. The results showed that the LCGC policy will potentially cause a significant increase in emissions of CO, HC, and NO by 2030. The LCGC scenario predicted 1,389.7, 31.0, and 279.5 tons of CO, NO, and HC, respectively, compared with 670.3, 15.1, and 136.6 tons, respectively, for the scenario without LCGCs, an increase of 51.7%, 48%, and 51.2%, respectively. For amount of CO2, although LCGC policy could save more than 104,881 tons, the gap is increasing until end of projection in 2030, 3.3 times bigger between corresponding year, 49,411 tons and 14,892 tons for with and without LCGC policy, respectively.

scholarly journals Normative Aspects of Nudging in the International Sphere

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
Doron Teichman ◽  
Eyal Zamir
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Posthumous Organ Donation ◽  
Regulatory Problems

The use of nudges—“low-cost, choice-preserving, behaviorally informed approaches to regulatory problems”—has become quite popular at the national level in the past decade or so. Examples include changing the default concerning employees’ saving for retirement in a bid to encourage such saving; altering the default about consent to posthumous organ donation to increase the supply of organs for transplantation; and informing people about other people's energy consumption to spur them to reduce theirs. Nudges are therefore used to promote the welfare of the people being nudged, and of society at large. However, the use of nudges has sparked a lively normative debate. When turning to the international arena, new arguments for and against nudges can be raised. This essay focuses on the normative aspects of using nudges in the international arena.

scholarly journals A Study on Customer Awareness towards Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jnanaushadi Kendra’s with Reference to Shimoga

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
H Manjula Bai
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Successful Solution ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Fact Finding

This paper is designed to check Customer Awareness towards Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jnanaushadi Kendra’s. This study is finished to understand the knowledge, perception and attitude of individuals and patients towards generic medicines provided by the govt. At low cost through Jan Aushadhi Medical Stores, which supports and helps the people below the personal income. This helps to spot the problems faced by people and also helps to make your mind up and to relinquish solutions regarding the matter that, not every-one is aware of the schemes implemented by the govt. For the welfare of the people below the personal income. The successful solution is taking measures like campaigns, educating the people to form them more alert to the Jan Aushadhi Medical Store. The study target the degree of knowledge of individuals about Jan Aushadhi Medical Store, the people’s awareness of Jan Aushadhi Medical schemes, to understand the willingness of individuals to shop for generic medicines, to review the understanding and people’s perception on generic medicines, to study the satisfaction level of consumers towards quality, price, availability, accessibility, acceptability, affordability of those medicines and to understand about how the govt. Initiative measures reach among the people. For the study’s aim, the researcher has selected 50 respondents who are aware of the PMBJPK. Descriptive research methodology is employed to conduct the study. It includes survey and fact-finding inquiries of various kinds. It focused on the issues of the advantages availed from PMBJPK. All levels of shoppers were surveyed by using a questionnaire and also, the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction from PMBJPK was studied. Finally, the detailed information about the advantages they had received was also considered... Finally, it attempts to supply suggestions to the purchasers to teach way more about PMBJPK.

scholarly journals Embedded real-time system for detecting leakage of the gas used in iraqi kitchens

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171
Author(s):  
Husam Kareem
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Time System ◽  
Real Time System ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
The People ◽  
Leakage Location

<p>A major issue that happens in kitchens of houses and/or restaurants is the leakage of gas used as a fuel for cooker stove, which is commonly referred to as LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). LPG leakage may lead to a serious fire or even a deadly explosion that might affect the surrounding people. A substantial solution to avoid such disasters is by stopping its main cause. Therefore designing a device capable of monitoring and detecting such gases can minimize the dangerous and unwanted incidents by LPG leakage. This paper introduces a low cost and energy efficient real-time monitoring system that able to sense different dangerous gases, specifically those used for stove cooker. This system considers the pros of the previously introduced systems and fixes the cons available in those systems. In addition, the manufacturing cost has been taken into consideration. If the system senses any type of LPG gas (there is a gas leakage), it will react by making three different actions. It will make an alert sound to notify the people around the leakage place, send an SMS to two cell phones, and show, on an LCD screen, the leakage location.</p>

scholarly journals Occupancy Prediction Using Low-Cost and Low-Resolution Heat Sensors for Smart Offices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beril Sirmacek ◽  
Maria Riveiro
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Elderly Care ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Feature Classification ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The People ◽  
Heat Sensor ◽  
Occupancy Prediction

Solving the challenge of occupancy prediction is crucial in order to design efficient and sustainable office spaces and automate lighting, heating, and air circulation in these facilities. In office spaces where large areas need to be observed, multiple sensors must be used for full coverage. In these cases, it is normally important to keep the costs low, but also to make sure that the privacy of the people who use such environments are preserved. Low-cost and low-resolution heat (thermal) sensors can be very useful to build solutions that address these concerns. However, they are extremely sensitive to noise artifacts which might be caused by heat prints of the people who left the space or by other objects, which are either using electricity or exposed to sunlight. There are some earlier solutions for occupancy prediction that employ low-resolution heat sensors; however, they have not addressed nor compensated for such heat artifacts. Therefore, in this paper, we presented a low-cost and low-energy consuming smart space implementation to predict the number of people in the environment based on whether their activity is static or dynamic in time. We used a low-resolution (8×8) and non-intrusive heat sensor to collect data from an actual meeting room. We proposed two novel workflows to predict the occupancy; one that is based on computer vision and one based on machine learning. Besides comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these different workflows, we used several state-of-the-art explainability methods in order to provide a detailed analysis of the algorithm parameters and how the image properties influence the resulting performance. Furthermore, we analyzed noise resources that affect the heat sensor data. The experiments show that the feature classification based method gives high accuracy when the data are clean from noise artifacts. However, when there are noise artifacts, the computer vision based method can compensate for those artifacts providing robust results. Because the computer vision based method requires an empty room recording, the feature classification based method should be chosen either when there is no expectancy of seeing noise artifacts in the data or when there is no empty recording available. We hope that our analysis brings light into understanding how to handle very low-resolution heat images in these environments. The presented workflows could be used in various domains and applications other than smart offices, where occupancy prediction is essential, e.g., for elderly care.

Large-scale drop test on perlite–metal syntactic foam

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Fiedler ◽  
M Taherishargh
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Syntactic Foam ◽  
Drop Test ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
High Speed Imaging ◽  
Cellular Metal ◽  
Energy Absorbing ◽  
Impact Mass

Perlite–metal syntactic foam is a low-cost cellular metal intended for use in automotive impact protection. To test the viability of the material a 2.5 ton drop test was conducted. Impact mass and energy were selected to replicate the conditions of a frontal impact between a large passenger vehicle and a crash cushion. A hollow syntactic foam cylinder was manufactured to decelerate the drop weight in a controlled manner. Accelerometers and high-speed imaging were utilized to evaluate the performance of the energy absorbing element.

Japanese Imperialism and the Manchurian Economy, 1900–31

1972 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 425-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert P. Bix
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Japanese Imperialism ◽  
The People ◽  
Single Piece

What makes Manchuria a most promising industrial field … is the fact that coal and labour are obtainable at an extraordinarily low cost. … Although Manchuria possesses a population of forty millions, not a single piece of clothing worn by the inhabitants is manufactured in the province. All textiles required by the people are imported either from south China or from Japan. The starting of a spinning and weaving industry in Manchuria will be fraught with great possibilities. [Shirani Takeshi, Kwantung Civil Governor (1909).]

scholarly journals Comparative fuel economy, cost and emissions analysis of a novel mild hybrid and conventional vehicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (13) ◽  
pp. 1846-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Awadallah ◽  
Peter Tawadros ◽  
Paul Walker ◽  
Nong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Hybrid Concept ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mild Hybrid

Mild hybrid vehicles have been explored as a potential pathway to reduce vehicle emissions cost-effectively. The use of manual transmissions to develop novel hybrid vehicles provides an alternate route to producing low cost electrified powertrains. In this paper, a comparative analysis examining a conventional vehicle and a mild hybrid electric vehicle is presented. The analysis considers fuel economy, capital and ongoing costs and environmental emissions, and includes developmental analysis and simulation using mathematical models. Vehicle emissions (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) and fuel economy are computed, analysed and compared using a number of alternative driving cycles and their weighted combination. Different driver styles are also evaluated. Studying the relationship between the fuel economy and driveability, where driveability is addressed using fuel-economical gear shift strategies. Our simulation suggests the hybrid concept presented can deliver fuel economy gains of between 5 and 10%, as compared to the conventional powertrain.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis Of The Interest Rate-Vehicle Purchase Decision Nexus In South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Joseph Chisasa ◽  
Winnie Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Producer Price Index ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

The domestic passenger car market has witnessed substantial growth in South Africa. At the same time, bank repossessions and black-listing of defaulting borrowers have increased in sympathy. This paper empirically examines the link between interest rates and the borrowers decision to purchase a passenger vehicle in South Africa. We use monthly time series data of passenger vehicles purchased, household income, fuel prices, prime interest rates and producer price index for manufacturers from January 1995 to December 2011. With passenger vehicle unit purchases as the dependent variable, we obtain OLS estimates of the passenger vehicle purchase function. Results show that there is a negative, but insignificant, relationship between interest rates and passenger vehicle purchases in South Africa. Holding other factors constant, a 1% increase in interest rate results in a 0.9% decrease in passenger vehicle purchases. Household income, fuel price and producer price index are observed to have a positive and insignificant impact on the decision to purchase a passenger vehicle. Our results have policy and decision making implications to lenders and borrowers, respectively.

scholarly journals MEDIATION EXISTENCE CRIMINAL PENAL SETTLEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Erma Rusdiana
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Religious Law ◽  
The One

Indonesian Constitution states that all people of Indonesia are entitled to equal treatment before the law as stated in Article 28 D, paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution, but they are not always easily access it. The principle of justice is simple, fast and low cost can’t be reached by most people. Currently, there is also a change and dynamics of complex societies and regulations in some legislation. It also has implications on the public nature of the criminal law has shifted its relative entered the private sphere with known and practiced penal<em> </em>mediation.<strong> </strong>Issues raised in this paper is the concept of criminal law enforcement based on the existence of pluralistic and penal mediation as an alternative solution-in the practice of the criminal settlement. Of the studies that have been done that the concept of legal pluralism is no longer emphasizes the dichotomy between the legal system of the state on the one hand with the legal system of the people folk law and religious law on the other side. That law enforcement-based pluralistic more emphasis on interaction and co-existence of the workings of the various legal systems that affect the operation of norms, processes and institutions in masyarakat.Polarisasi law and penal mediation mechanisms can do, as long as it is earnestly desired by all parties ( suspects and victims), as well as to reach a wider interest, namely the maintenance of social harmony. In summary penal mediation would have positive implications philosophically that achieved justice done fast, simple and inexpensive because the parties involved are relatively small compared through the judicial process with the components of the Criminal Justice System

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