scholarly journals A controlled follow-up study of adolescents exposed to a school shooting – Psychological consequences after four months

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 490-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Suomalainen ◽  
H. Haravuori ◽  
N. Berg ◽  
O. Kiviruusu ◽  
M. Marttunen
Keyword(s):  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
School Shooting ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Posttraumatic Distress

AbstractBackgroundIn November 2007, a student shot eight people and himself at Jokela High School, Finland. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of exposure to a school shooting among adolescents.MethodAssociations between psychological outcomes and background factors were analysed and compared with “comparison students” four months after the incident. A questionnaire including Impact of Event Scale (IES) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-36) was used.ResultsHalf of the females and a third of the males suffered from posttraumatic distress. High level of posttraumatic distress (IES ≥ 35), predicting PTSD, was observed in 27% of the females and 7% of the males. The odds ratio was 6.4 (95% confidence interval 3.5–10.5) for having high levels of posttraumatic distress. Severe or extreme exposure and female gender were found to increase the risk. Forty-two percent of the females and 16% of the males had psychiatric disturbance (GHQ ≥ 9). Severe or extreme exposure, older age and female gender increased the risk. Perceived support from family and friends was found to be protective.ConclusionsThe observed risk and protective factors were similar to earlier studies. Follow-up will be essential in identifying factors predicting persisting trauma-related symptoms in adolescence.

The Long-Term Psychiatric Consequences of Accidental Injury

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrik Malt
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Clinical Interviews

One hundred and seven accidentally injured adults were studied while in hospital and assessed prospectively twice more in a mean period of 28 months. The patients were studied by means of taped clinical interviews, including the Comprehensive Psycho-pathological Rating Scale (which includes the Montgomery-åsberg Depression Rating Scale), and several self-report measures of distress (Schedule of Recent Life Events, General Health Questionnaire, Impact of Event Scale and State Anxiety Inventory) at the three assessments. The total incidence of psychiatric disorders considered to be caused by the accident during the follow-up period was 22.4%. The incidence of non-organic psychiatric disorders caused by the accident was 16.8% at the first follow-up and 9.3% at the final follow-up. Depressive disorders of different severity were most often seen. Only one patient suffered from a posttraumatic stress disorder during the follow-up, and none at the final follow-up (DSM-III). Organic mental disorders were diagnosed in 9.3% of the patients. In 5.6% of the patients this was the only disorder.

scholarly journals The Aberfan disaster: 33-year follow-up of survivors

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Morgan ◽  
Jane Scourfield ◽  
David Williams ◽  
Anne Jasper ◽  
Glyn Lewis
Keyword(s):  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundExperiencing life-threatening events often contributes to the onset of such psychiatric conditions as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Children can develop PTSD; however, there is controversy over whether PTSD symptoms decrease or persist over time.AimsTo examine the long-term effects of surviving the 1966 Aberfan disaster in childhood.MethodSurvivors (n=41) were compared with controls (n=72) matched for age and background. All were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, measures of current health and social satisfaction, and the General Health Questionnaire. The survivor group also completed the Impact of Event Scale to assess current levels of PTSD.ResultsNineteen (46%; 95%CI 31–61) survivors had had PTSD at some point since the disaster, compared with 12 (20%; 95% CI 10–30) controls (OR=3.38 (95% CI 1.40–8.47)). Of the survivors, 12 (29%; 95% CI 15–43) met diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. Survivors were not at a significantly increased risk of anxiety, depression or substance misuse.ConclusionsTrauma in childhood can lead to PTSD, and PTSD symptoms can persist for as long as 33 years into adult life. Rates of other psychopathological disorders are not necessarily raised after life-threatening childhood trauma.

Couples Facing the Birth of a Newborn with a Congenital Anomaly: PTSD Symptoms in the First Year

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1168-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Bevilacqua ◽  
Francesco Morini ◽  
Antonio Zaccara ◽  
Chiara De Marchis ◽  
Annabella Braguglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Parental Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parental couples of newborn requiring early surgery at 6 and 12 months after birth. Study Design A longitudinal study was set up from January 2014 to June 2015. As a measure of PTSD, we used the Italian version of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R). Results Thirty-four couples form the object of the study. At 6 months, half of mothers (52.9%) and fathers (44.1%) reported traumatic stress symptoms above the clinical cutoff. Percentages remained stable at 12 months. When parental gender and length of follow-up were compared with two-factor analysis of variance, none had an impact on IES-R score, nor an interaction between these factors was found. A significant correlation of IES-R total score was present within the couple both at 6 and 12 months (6 months—r: 0.6842, p < 0.0001 and 12 months—r: 0.4045, p = 0.0177). Conclusion Having a child with a repaired malformation represents a complex prolonged stressful situation with persistent burden for both parents who are at high risk of developing PTSD symptoms.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescents Exposed to the Earthquake in Lombok, Indonesia: Prevalence and Association With Maladaptive Trauma-Related Cognition and Resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzaily Wahab ◽  
Li Ling Yong ◽  
Wei Keong Chieng ◽  
Myristica Yamil ◽  
Noor Azah Sawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background: Natural disasters may physically and psychologically affect individuals and their surrounding community. This study determines the prevalence of post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and its association with maladaptive trauma-related cognition and resilience among adolescents post-earthquake.Materials and Methods: Data were collected, in this cross-sectional study, during an intervention program post-earthquake held in a state high school located at Lombok, Indonesia. The study sample engaged students 14–19 years of age using the purposive sampling method. The questionnaires used to measure PTS symptoms, maladaptive trauma-related cognition, and resilience were Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13 (CRIES-13), Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI), and Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R), respectively.Results: The prevalence of PTS symptoms was 69.9%. Among the respondents, 61.37% were female and 56.48% had mothers with lower educational levels. Using multiple linear regression, the final predictors of PTS symptoms were excessive reactions (e.g., wailing loudly, miserable shrieking) of proxy during earthquake (β = 3.283, p = 0.005), maladaptive trauma-related cognition (β = 0.224, p = 0.002), and resilience (β = 0.192, p &lt; 0.001) with female gender (β = 7.350, p &lt; 0.001) as a control variable. Through simple linear regression, victims who witnessed injury or death during the earthquake (p = 0.003), had a proxy died during the earthquake (p = 0.01), and trapped victims or those who had difficulty escaping (p = 0.01) were identified to potentially predict the occurrence of PTS symptoms, warranting further study.Conclusion: The presence of excessive proxy reactions during the earthquake, maladaptive trauma-related cognition, and resilience in adolescents exposed to a natural disaster are worth targeting and prioritizing in future post-disaster interventions.

scholarly journals Health Issues and Immunological Assessment Related to Wuhan's COVID-19 Survivors: A Multicenter Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Mei ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Guangyuan Hu ◽  
Suihuai Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Immunochromatographic Strip ◽  
Organ Systems

Background: Currently, a large number of hospitalized coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients have met the clinical discharge criteria and have been discharged. Little is known about the sequelae and herd immunity, two important factors influencing the life quality and safety of COVID-19 survivors.Methods: Discharged COVID-19 patients from four medical facilities in Wuhan, China, were followed in order to record and investigate possible post-COVID-19 sequelae and herd immunity. After hospital discharge, patients reported to Fangcang shelter hospitals for an initial 14-day period of mandatory clinical monitoring. After release from these shelter hospitals, patients returned home for self-quarantine. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection. Colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip assay (ICGSA) was used for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody testing. The data for this study are derived from case reports, medical records, and self-reports.Results: A total of 3,677 COVID-19 survivors [median age = 59 years, interquartile range (IQR) = 47–68, range = 10–98; 55.5% female] who were released from four hospitals in Wuhan, China, between January 18 and March 29, 2020 were followed for a median of 144 days (IQR = 135–157). During follow-up, 976 (26.5%) patients had at least one post-COVID-19 sequela. The incidence of post-COVID-19 sequelae among elderly COVID-19 survivors (age ≥60 years) was slightly increased compared to that of young COVID-19 survivors (age &lt;60 years; relative risk = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.10, p = 0.007). During follow-up, a dramatic reduction of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (88.0%, 95% CI = 84.2–90.4) and IgM (93.2%, 95% CI = 88.5–96.4) antibodies was observed. Among these COVID-19 survivors, 1.2% (n = 45) retested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 1.0% (n = 37) died during follow-up. Of those who died during follow-up, 70.3% were male and all were negative for both IgG and IgM, except for one person who was IgG-positive.Conclusions: Our study documents significant post-COVID-19 sequelae that impair functions of multiple organ systems in COVID-19 survivors, suggesting that the long-term effects of this disease will negatively impact survivors' quality of life, continue to strain health care systems, and result in extended periods of lost productivity. Furthermore, female gender and anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity may play an essential role in the survival after COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Psychological Effects and Associated Factors of COVID-19 in a Mexican Sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Yanet Cortés-Álvarez ◽  
Regino Piñeiro-Lamas ◽  
César Rubén Vuelvas-Olmos
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Status Data

ABSTRACTObjectives:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is a new viral zoonosis of global concern that could cause psychological sequelae. We examined the levels of psychological distress, anxiety, depression, and stress during the COVID-19 outbreak in a Mexican sample.Methods:An online survey was applied that collected information on demographic and financial status data, physical status, contact history, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures concerning COVID-19. Impact of Event Scale-Revised and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale were included.Results:A total of 50.3% of respondents rated psychological distress as moderate-severe; 15.7% reported moderate-severe depressive symptoms; 22.6% reported moderate-severe anxiety symptoms; and 19.8% reported moderate-severe stress levels. Female gender, older age, divorced status, lack of confidence related to security of the test, lower satisfaction of health information concerning COVID-19, history of direct or indirect contact with a COVID-19 confirmed case, live with just 1 other person, and spent >9 h/d at home were associated with greater psychological distress and/or higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. By contrast, precautionary measures, such as hand hygiene and wearing masks, were associated with lower levels of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress.Conclusions:COVID-19 outbreak results in considerable psychological effects among the Mexican sample.

Prediction of anxiety and distress following diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a two-year longitudinal study

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 794-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
A CJW Janssens ◽  
D Buljevac ◽  
P A van Doorn ◽  
F GA van der Meché ◽  
C H Polman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Anxiety Screening ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: To investigate the course of anxiety, depression and disease-related distress of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their partners in the first years after diagnosis. Methods: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Impact of Event Scale (IES) were completed at baseline, six-month, one-and two-year follow-up in 101 recently diagnosed patients and 78 partners. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was assessed annually. Results: Mean time since diagnosis at baseline was 7.8 (SD 6.5) months. Mean anxiety scores of patients and partners did not change during the two years of follow-up and remained higher than that observed in the general population at all assessments (P <0.05). The high levels of disease-related distress at baseline were lower at follow-up. Of the patients and partners with high anxiety scores at baseline (HADS anxiety ≥8), 69% also had high scores at any time during follow-up, compared to 26% in those with low baseline anxiety scores. For severe distress at follow-up, these percentages were 41 and 14%. The sensitivity and specificity of baseline anxiety screening for the prediction of high anxiety or distress scores at follow-up were 55 and 85%. Conclusion: MS patients and their partners continued to have high levels of anxiety and distress in the first years after diagnosis. Screening for anxiety after diagnosis can be used to predict levels of anxiety and distress during two-year follow-up.

The EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol: Application With Adults During Ongoing Geopolitical Crisis

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Jarero ◽  
Lucina Artigas
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Central American ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Central American Country ◽  
Disaster Survivors ◽  
Subjective Unit ◽  
The Impact

The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) has been used in its original format or with adaptations to meet the circumstances in numerous settings around the world for thousands of disaster survivors after natural or man-made incidents. In this study, the EMDR-IGTP was applied during three consecutive days to a group of 20 adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis in a Central American country in 2009. Results in this uncontrolled study showed significant decreases in scores on the Subjective Unit of Disturbance Scale and the Impact of Event Scale (IES). Changes on the IES were maintained at 14 weeks follow-up even though participants were still exposed to ongoing crisis. Controlled research is recommended to further evaluate the efficacy of this intervention.

Civil War in Syria: the psychological effects on journalists

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Feinstein ◽  
Stephen Starr
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
News Organizations ◽  
Syrian Conflict

Purpose – More journalists died in Syria during 2013 than in any other country experiencing conflict. This statistic raises concerns about the psychological wellbeing of journalists covering the internecine violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The study sample was made up of 59 western journalists currently covering the Syrian conflict. To place these results in the broader context of war journalism previously collected data from a group of 84 journalists who had reported the war in Iraq were used as a control sample. Outcome measures included indices of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Impact of Event Scale-revised) and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-28 item version (GHQ-28)). Findings – Compared to journalists who covered the Iraq war, the journalists working in Syria were more likely to be female (p=0.007), single (p=0.018), freelance (p=0.0001) and had worked fewer years as a journalist (p=0.012). They were more depressed according to the GHQ-28 (p=0.001) and endorsed more individual symptoms of depression including worthlessness (p=0.012), helplessness (p=0.02) and suicidal intent (p=0.003). A linear regression analysis revealed that the group differences in depression data could not be accounted for by demographic factors. Research limitations/implications – An absence of structured interviews. Results not applicable to local Syrian journalists. Practical implications – Western journalists covering Syrian appear to be particularly vulnerable to the development of depression. Journalists and the news organizations that employ them need to be cognizant of data such as these. Given that depression is treatable, there needs to be a mechanism in place to detect and treat those in need. Originality/value – This is the first study that highlights the emotional toll on western journalists covering the Syrian conflict.

Relationship between psychiatric impairment and a natural disaster: the role of distress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
General Health ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisThe relationship between adversity, distress and psychiatric impairment was examined in a group of 469 firefighters who had an intense exposure to an Australian bushfire disaster. The data suggested that psychiatric impairment measured by the General Health Questionnaire and distress measured by the Impact of Event Scale were relatively separate phenomena. Psychiatric impairment in these people appeared to be related more to their level of distress after the fires than to the severity of their exposure and losses.

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