Habronema muscae (Nematoda: Habronematidae) larvae: Developmental stages, migration route and morphological changes in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

The family Trachipteridae—the Ribbonfishes, Dealfishes, and their relatives—has a circumglobal distribution, with at least 10 species in three genera (Zu Walters & Fitch 1960, Desmodema Walters & Fitch 1960, and Trachipterus Goüan 1770) that are characterized by elongate, extremely laterally compressed bodies, large eyes, absence of ribs, spines on lateral-line scales, greatly protrusible mouths, and a lack of pelvic fins in adults. They are also known for the drastic morphological changes that occur during ontogeny. Trachipterids are poorly represented in collections due to the fragile nature of their bodies. Most studies of the Trachipteridae have been limited by the numbers, developmental stages, and the completeness of the specimens that were examined. Along with the lack of available material, incomplete and conflicting character information compounds the taxonomic confusion of Trachipteridae. Despite the body of regional revisions that have examined trachipterid taxonomy, none have synthesized a suite of morphological characters across ontogeny. The goals of this paper are to (1) revise the family Trachipteridae, (2) revise the genera Trachipterus, Zu, and Desmodema, including information regarding ontogeny and biogeography, and 3) address the alpha taxonomy of Zu, Desmodema, and Trachipterus from the western Pacific Ocean. We recognize possibly five species of Trachipterus as being present in the western Pacific, as well as two species of both Zu and Desmodema. Despite additions to the specimen base that allows refinement of taxonomy and diagnoses, there are still large knowledge gaps associated with the taxonomic review of Trachipteridae. These reflect incomplete understanding of geographic distribution of taxa which may mask unrecognized taxonomic variability. The genus Trachipterus specifically remains problematic and will require greater detailed global study. Early life history stages remain unknown for several taxa which hinders full interpretation of ontogenetic transitions. Protracted transitions, some of which are clarified here, further confuse stage-based diagnoses and must be considered in future analyses of this family.

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Antimicrobial functional divergence of the cecropin antibacterial peptide gene family in Musca domestica

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-019-3793-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jian Peng ◽

Zhaoying Wu ◽

Weiwei Liu ◽

Huiling Long ◽

Guiming Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Functional Divergence ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Antibacterial Effects ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Absorbing Material

Abstract Background It has been reported that there are more than ten antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) belonging to the cecropin family in Musca domestica; however, few of them have been identified, and the functions of the other molecules are poorly understood. Methods Sequences of the M. domestica cecropin family of genes were cloned from cDNA template, which was reverse-transcribed from total mRNA isolated from third-instar larvae of M. domestica that were challenged with pathogens. Sequence analysis was performed using DNAMAN comprehensive analysis software, and a molecular phylogenetic tree of the cecropin family was constructed using the Neighbour-Joining method in MEGA v.5.0 according to the mature peptide sequences. Antibacterial activity of the synthetic M. domestica cecropin protein was detected and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using broth microdilution techniques. Time-killing assays were performed on the Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii, at the logarithmic or stabilizing stages of growth, and its morphological changes when treated with Cec4 were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and detection of leakage of 260 nm absorbing material. Results Eleven cecropin family genes, namely Cec01, Cec02 and Cec1-9, show homology to the Cec form in a multigene family on the Scaffold18749 of M. domestica. In comparing the encoded cecropin protein sequences, most of them have the basic characteristics of the cecropin family, containing 19 conservative amino acid residues. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration that most genes in the Cec family are functional. Cec02, Cec1, Cec2, Cec5 and Cec7 have similar antibacterial spectra and antibacterial effects against Gram-negative bacteria, while Cec4 displays a more broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity and has a very strong effect on A. baumannii. Cec4 eliminated A. baumannii in a rapid and concentration-dependent manner, with antibacterial effects within 24 h at 1× MIC and 2× MIC. Furthermore, SEM analysis and the leakage of 260 nm absorbing material detection indicated that Cec4 sterilized the bacteria through the disruption of cell membrane integrity. Conclusions Although there are more than ten cecropin genes related to M. domestica, some of them have no preferred antibacterial activity other than Cec4 against A. baumannii.

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Ontogeny and Anatomy of the Dimorphic Pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111603 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1603

Author(s):

Rachel Schwallier ◽

Valeri van Wely ◽

Mirna Baak ◽

Rutger Vos ◽

Bertie Joan van Heuven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shape Analysis ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Food Sources ◽

Pitfall Traps ◽

Microstructure Development ◽

Phase Progression ◽

Developmental Phases ◽

Geometric Morphology ◽

Similar Phase

An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. In many species, the conspicuously shaped upper and lower pitchers grow from a swollen leaf tendril tip until finally opening as insect-alluring devices. Few have studied the ontogeny of these traps from an anatomical and quantitative morphological perspective. We investigated whether the anatomy and development of lower and upper type pitchers of N. rafflesiana differ or overlap in terms of 3D geometric morphology and microstructure progression and presence. We hypothesized that there is an overlap in the initial, but not all, developmental stages of the two pitcher types and that one pitcher type is suspended in development. We identified four important morphological changes of pitcher ontogeny and defined these as curvation, elongation, inflation and maturation phases. Pitcher length indicated progress through developmental phases, and we propose to use it as a tool for indication of developmental stage. Microstructure development coincided with the developmental phases defined. Additionally, we discovered a new anatomical feature of extrafloral nectariferous peristomal glands between the inner peristome ridges of upper and lower pitchers being hollow and analyze the chemistry of the sugars on the outside of these glands. Ontogenetic shape analysis indicated that upper and lower pitcher types develop with similar phase progression but have no directly overlapping morphology. This means that upper pitchers are not a derived state from lower pitchers. Independent developmental programs evolved to produce distinctly shaped upper and lower pitchers in Nepenthes, likely to exploit different food sources.

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Molecular and morphological changes in zebrafish following transient ethanol exposure during defined developmental stages

Neurotoxicology and Teratology ◽

10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 70-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Chengjin Zhang ◽

Jared M. Frazier ◽

Hao Chen ◽

Yao Liu ◽

Ju-Ahng Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Ethanol Exposure

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External changes in embryonic and larval development of Odontophrynus cordobae Martino et Sinsch, 2002 (Anura: Cycloramphidae)

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-011-0124-0 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pablo Grenat ◽

Lucio Zavala Gallo ◽

Nancy Salas ◽

Adolfo Martino

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Body Mass ◽

Related Species ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Larval Form ◽

Larval Stages ◽

In Captivity ◽

Mass Increment ◽

Embryonic And Larval Development

AbstractWe provide the first description of development for a species belonging to Odontophrynus genus by describing all external changes of embryonic and larval stages for Odontophrynus cordobae. External morphological changes through development were analyzed on specimens bred in captivity. Embryonic and larval development, from fertilization to metamorphosis, was completed in 62 days and 46 stages were defined. We split the staging series into ten developmental groups: fertilization (stages 1 and 2); segmentation (stages 3–9); gastrulation (stages 10–12); neurulation (stages 13–16); elongation (stages 17–19); external gill larva (stages 20–24); internal gill larva (stage 25); pre-metamorphosis (stages 26–41); pro-metamorphosis (stage 42); metamorphic climax (stages 43–46). Marked increases in total length were evidenced during elongation and during stage 25, when the tadpole begins to feed. Stage 25 was the longest one (8 days) and it was related to organs rearrangement, morphological progression and body mass increment typical of free life larval form. Similar studies on related species are needed to compare different developmental stages at different taxonomic levels.

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The broad role of Nkx3.2 in the development of the zebrafish axial skeleton

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0255953 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0255953

Author(s):

Laura Waldmann ◽

Jake Leyhr ◽

Hanqing Zhang ◽

Caroline Öhman-Mägi ◽

Amin Allalou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Skeletal Development ◽

Axial Skeleton ◽

Chondrocyte Maturation ◽

Weberian Apparatus ◽

Jaw Joint ◽

Context Specific ◽

Broad Role

The transcription factor Nkx3.2 (Bapx1) is an important chondrocyte maturation inhibitor. Previous Nkx3.2 knockdown and overexpression studies in non-mammalian gnathostomes have focused on its role in primary jaw joint development, while the function of this gene in broader skeletal development is not fully described. We generated a mutant allele of nkx3.2 in zebrafish with CRISPR/Cas9 and applied a range of techniques to characterize skeletal phenotypes at developmental stages from larva to adult, revealing loss of the jaw joint, fusions in bones of the occiput, morphological changes in the Weberian apparatus, and the loss or deformation of bony elements derived from basiventral cartilages of the vertebrae. Axial phenotypes are reminiscent of Nkx3.2 knockout in mammals, suggesting that the function of this gene in axial skeletal development is ancestral to osteichthyans. Our results highlight the broad role of nkx3.2 in zebrafish skeletal development and its context-specific functions in different skeletal elements.

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Longevity of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) parasitized by Habronema muscae Carter (Nematoda: Habronematidae)

Parasitología al día ◽

10.4067/s0716-07202000000100005 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 24 (1-2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SAVIO AMADO ◽

CLAUDIA C. GULIAS-GOMES ◽

ELIANE M.V. MILWARD-DE-AZEVEDO

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Habronema Muscae

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS OF SAGO (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)

Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.21082/ijas.v8n2.2007.p43-47 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pauline D. Kasi ◽

Sumaryono Sumaryono

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Large Scale ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Synthetic Seed ◽

Globular Embryos ◽

Metroxylon Sagu

Development of somatic embryos of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on agar-solidified medium are highly varied producing heterogeneous seedlings. Understanding of this phenomenon may help in improving the cultural procedures and conditions of sago<br />somatic embryogenesis to obtain uniform seedlings in a large scale. This experiment was conducted at the laboratory for plant cell culture and micropropagation, Indonesian Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops from January to March 2006 to examine morphological changes i.e. color and development stages of sago during their somatic embryo development on an agar-solidified medium. Twenty single globular somatic embryos of sago with specific color (yellowish, greenish, and reddish) were cultured in a Petri dish supplemented with a solid medium. The medium was a micronutrients-modified MS (MMS) with half strength of macronutrients containing 0.01 mg l-1 ABA, 2 mg l-1 kinetin, 20 g l-1 sucrose, 0.5 g l-1 activated charcoal, and 2 g l-1 gelrite. Parameter observed was the percentage of embryo’s number based on color and developmental stage. The result showed that at the end of 6-week culture passage, most originally greenish (80.8%) and reddish (95.8%) embryos remained unchanged in their colors, whereas almost half of the originally yellowish embryos turned to greenish and only 30%<br />remained yellowish. At the same time, single globular embryos have changed gradually into the next developmental stages, although not all of the embryos were germinated. The initial color of embryo affected the rate of the developmental stage changes. Yellowish and greenish globular embryos developed more rapidly into cotyledon or germinant stages at 58% and 55% respectively, in 6 weeks than the reddish ones (41%). Therefore, the yellowish and greenish embryos are the best sources of material for in vitro mass propagation and synthetic seed production of sago.

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Spatiotemporal 3D image registration for mesoscale studies of brain development.

10.1101/2021.05.12.443839 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sergey Shuvaev ◽

Alexander Lazutkin ◽

Roman Kiryanov ◽

Konstantin Anokhin ◽

Grigori Enikolopov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Development ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Individual Development ◽

Computational Pipeline ◽

3D Image ◽

3D Images ◽

Step Algorithm ◽

Brain Data ◽

3D Image Registration

Comparison of brain samples representing different developmental stages often necessitates registering the samples to common coordinates. Although the available software tools are successful in registering 3D images of adult brains, registration of perinatal brains remains challenging due to rapid growth-dependent morphological changes and variations in developmental pace between animals. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-step algorithm for the registration of perinatal brains. First, we optimized image preprocessing to increase the algorithm's sensitivity to mismatches in registered images. Second, we developed an attention-gated simulated annealing (Monte Carlo) procedure capable of focusing on the differences between perinatal brains. Third, we applied classical multidimensional scaling (CMDS) to align (synchronize) brain samples in time, accounting for individual development paces. We tested this multi-step algorithm on 28 samples of whole-mounted perinatal mouse brains (P0 - P9) and observed accurate registration results. Our computational pipeline offers a runtime of several minutes per brain on a personal computer and automates brain registration tasks including mapping brain data to atlases, comparison of averaged experimental groups, and monitoring brain development dynamics.

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Regulation of TGF-β ligand and receptor expression in neonatal rat lungs exposed to chronic hypoxia

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00031.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 1123-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Alfin G. Vicencio ◽

Oliver Eickelberg ◽

Michael C. Stankewich ◽

Michael Kashgarian ◽

Gabriel G. Haddad

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hypoxia ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Neonatal Rat ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Rat Lungs

Long-term effects of hypoxia are largely due to its modulatory effects on proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and endothelial cells, processes also regulated by the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β system. We investigated the effects of hypoxia on the TGF-β system in rat lungs from different developmental stages. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 9.5% oxygen during either the first 2 wk of life or adulthood. Analysis revealed an arrest of alveolarization in hypoxic postnatal day 14 rats. Bioactive TGF-β levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased in these animals, and Western blot analysis revealed upregulation of TGF-β receptor (TβR) I and II. None of these changes was observed in hypoxic adults. Hypoxia did, however, lead to decreased expression of TβRIII in both postnatal day 14 and adult rats. Immunohistochemical analysis localized TβRI-III predominantly to bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium; these patterns did not change with hypoxia. Thus we observed changes in TGF-β activity and TβR isotype expression in rat lung that parallel the arrest in alveolarization seen with chronic hypoxia in early development. These alterations may partly explain the morphological changes observed in hypoxia.

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