FERTILITY AND TRANSGENDER INSURANCE COVERAGE – CHANGES IN ACCESS OVER TIME. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION OF EMPLOYEE BENEFITS PLAN SURVEY (IFEBPS): 2018 TO 2020

Although many countries meet electoral standards of democracy, often these regimes fail to promote social inclusion or meaningful representation. We argue that systems of exclusion have deleterious consequences for how people think about democracy, undermining tolerance for political dissent. Using cross-national public opinion data together with contextual measures of economic and political marginalization along ethnoracial lines, we evaluate the relationships between exclusion and political tolerance across Latin America. Over-time analysis in Bolivia further probes the mechanisms linking exclusion to intolerance. We find that tolerance of dissent is depressed where ethnoracial hierarchies are pronounced. We advance understanding of oft-unexplained society-level differences in political tolerance and emphasize the importance of the macro-structural context in shaping citizens’ commitments to basic democratic rights.

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An Investigation into the Estimation of a Positive Case of COVID-19: A Comparative Study between Two Phases of the Pandemic

Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance ◽

10.33258/economit.v1i2.440 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 85-95

Author(s):

Yasuyuki Yamaoka ◽

Hiroko Oe

Keyword(s):

Insurance Coverage ◽

Health Insurance Coverage ◽

Multiple Regression Model ◽

Unexpected Result ◽

Actual Number ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Two Phases ◽

Positive Results ◽

Over Time

In Japan, the policy for polymerase chain reaction (hereafter PCR) testing changed significantly after 7 May 2020; from 4 February to 6 May, PCR testing was limited to certain patients with severe symptoms. After 7 May, the PCR test was made available to a broader range of patients due to health insurance coverage. The study aims to test whether there is a significant relationship between the conditions under which PCR tests are performed, the number of tests after 7 May, and the positive results. Using a multiple regression model, we obtained the unexpected result even if we assume that PCR testing had been carried out during 4 February to 6 May at the same level as after 7 May. The number of positive cases would have been even lower than the actual number, which we have attained. This suggests that even if PCR testing had been plentiful throughout the entire period, the number of positives that would have been captured would not necessarily have been more significant than the actual number. This estimation might suggest that the infectivity of COVID-19 varied over time. It may suggest that, over time, the infectiousness and spreading power of COVID may be transformed. Therefore, further research investigating the epidemic impact of COVID is required, which is critical for humankind.

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Relationship between insurance and access and cost of care in patients with diabetes before and after the affordable care act

International Journal of Health Governance ◽

10.1108/ijhg-02-2020-0014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Arjun Varadarajan ◽

Rebekah J. Walker ◽

Joni S. Williams ◽

Kinfe Bishu ◽

Sneha Nagavally ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Affordable Care Act ◽

Private Insurance ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Prescription Medicine ◽

Usual Source Of Care ◽

Content Type ◽

Before And After ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Source Of Care ◽

Over Time

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of insurance coverage changes over time for patients with diabetes on expenditures and access to care before and after the Affordable Care Act (ACA).Design/methodology/approachThe Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 2002–2017 was used. Access included having a usual source of care, having delay in care or having delay in obtaining prescription medicine. Expenditures included inpatient, outpatient, office-based, prescription and emergency costs. Panels were broken into four time categories: 2002–2005 (pre-ACA), 2006–2009 (pre-ACA), 2010–2013 (post-ACA) and 2014–2017 (post-ACA). Logistic models for access and two-part regression models for cost were used to understand differences by insurance type over time.FindingsType of insurance changed significantly over time, with an increase for public insurance from 30.7% in 2002–2005 to 36.5% in 2014–2017 and a decrease in private insurance from 62.4% in 2002–2005 to 58.2% in 2014–2017. Compared to those with private insurance, those who were uninsured had lower inpatient ($2,147 less), outpatient ($431 less), office-based ($1,555 less), prescription ($1,869 less) and emergency cost ($92 less). Uninsured were also more likely to have delay in getting medical care (OR = 2.22; 95% CI 1.86, 3.06) and prescription medicine (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.53, 2.24) compared with privately insured groups.Originality/valueThough insurance coverage among patients with diabetes did not increase significantly, the type of insurance changed overtime and fewer individuals reported having a usual source of care. Uninsured individuals spent less across all cost types and were more likely to report delay in care despite the passage of the ACA.

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The Evolution of Medical Spending Risk

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.23.4.25 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 25-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Jonathan Gruber ◽

Helen Levy

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Medical Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Private Insurance ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Health Spending ◽

The United States ◽

Consumer Expenditure ◽

Out Of Pocket Payments ◽

Over Time

How has the economic risk of health spending changed over time for U.S. households? We describe trends in aggregate health spending in the United States and how private insurance markets and public insurance programs have changed over time. We then present evidence from Consumer Expenditure Survey microdata on how the distribution of household spending on health—that is, out-of-pocket payments for medical care plus the household's share of health insurance premiums—has changed over time. This distribution has shifted up over time—households spend more on medical care and insurance than they used to—but for the purposes of measuring change in risk, it is not the mean but the dispersion of this distribution that is of interest. We consider two measures of dispersion that serve as proxies for household risk: the standard deviation of the distribution of household health spending and the ratio of the 90th percentile of spending to the median (the so-called “90/50 gap”). We find, surprisingly, that neither has increased despite the rapid rise in aggregate health spending. This conclusion holds true for broad subgroups of the population (for example, the nonelderly as a group) but not for some narrowly-defined subgroups (for example, low-income families with children). We next consider how much risk households should face, from the perspective of economic efficiency. Household risk may not have changed much over the past several decades, but do we have any evidence that this level represents either too much or too little risk? Finally, we discuss implications for public policy—in particular, for current debates over expanding health insurance coverage to the uninsured.

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A non-compensatory time analysis of material deprivation in the EU.

Revista de Estudios Andaluces ◽

10.12795/rea.2021.i42.06 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 118-137

Author(s):

Andrea Ciacci ◽

Susanna Traversa

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Durable Goods ◽

Material Deprivation ◽

Economic Stress ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Statistical Tool ◽

Exogenous Shocks ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

The financial and economic crisis that hit Europe since 2009 has highlighted the need to measure more effectively the impact that certain exogenous shocks can have in the social field. In order to fill this gap and to provide a statistical tool useful to measure phenomena evolving over time, we perform a non-compensatory time analysis of material deprivation in Europe by using the quantitative method known as Adjusted Mazziotta and Pareto Index (AMPI). Material deprivation is a proxy to identify the most suffering groups of people in a specific environment. We consider the material deprivation as the sum of economic stress and forced lack of durable goods. Using Eurostat EU-SILC data, we aim at determining which countries have suffered the most material deprivation and identifying clusters of deprivation. We also determine how material deprivation is evolved over time, from 2005 to 2019. Subsequently, through Influence Analysis, the robustness of the index obtained is evaluated. Our results show that the material deprivation gap between Eastern and Mediterranean countries and all the remaining countries, which already existed before the economic crisis, seems to have widened in the years up to 2015.

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Contribution of socioeconomic factors and health care access to the awarenesss and treatment of diabetes and hypertension among older Mexican adults

Salud Pública de México ◽

10.21149/spm.v57s1.7584 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez ◽

Flávia Cristina Drumond-Andrade ◽

Fernando Riosmena

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Health Care Access ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Health Insurance Coverage ◽

Self Report ◽

Care Access ◽

Education And Health ◽

Aging Study ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Over Time

Objective. To estimate changes in self-report and treatment of diabetes and hypertension between 2001 and 2012 among Mexican aged 50-80, assessing the contribution of education and health insurance coverage. Materials and methods. The Mexican Health and Aging Study was used to estimate associations of education and insurance on prevalence and treatment of diabetes and hypertension in 2001 and 2012. Multivariate decomposition was used to assess the contribution of changes in the composition of covariates vs. their “effects” on changes in prevalence and treatment over time. Results. Increases in the revalence/diagnosis and treatment during the period are largely attributable to the expansion of health insurance. Its effects on iagnosis/prevalence and treatment have also increased over time. Conclusions. The expansion of Seguro Popular likely improved screening and treatment. More research is needed to assess if these have translated into better control and a lower burden of disease.

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Representation and the Pace of Policy Change: A Comparative Over-time Analysis

Organizing Democratic Choice ◽

10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654932.003.0008 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 170-195

Author(s):

Ian Budge ◽

Hans Keman ◽

Michael McDonald ◽

Paul Pennings

Keyword(s):

Policy Change ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Over Time

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MOCVD of the Blue Electro-luminescent Phosphor CaGa2 S4:Ce from a Liquid Reagent Delivery System

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-415-21 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 415 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T.S. Moss ◽

R.C. Dye ◽

D.C. Smith ◽

J.A. Samuels ◽

M.J. DelaRosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Transport ◽

Delivery System ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Deposition Mechanism ◽

X Ray ◽

Deposition Kinetics ◽

Deposited Film ◽

Over Time ◽

Liquid Delivery

ABSTRACTThe deposition of CaS, Ga2S3, and CaGa2S4:Ce has been accomplished by MOCVD using Ca(tmhd)2, Ga(tmhd)3, and Ce(tmhd)4, with bubblers and with a liquid delivery system to control the flows. Samples were primarily characterized using x-ray fluorescence and electroluminescence measurements of the color and brightness. Deposition using the bubblers showed a definitive relationship between the Ga(tmhd)3 bubbler temperature and the Ga XRF counts. The Ca conversion shows a tenuous relationship with the Ca(tmhd)2 bubbler temperature, but the scatter of the data makes determining a correlation impractical. Use of the liquid delivery system is preferred to the bubblers because it delivered a reliable reagent flow without the same problems of degradation of the reagent over time. Analysis shows the CaS deposition is mass transport limited, while the Ga2S3 is limited by the deposition kinetics. However, application of these mechanisms to the CaGa2S4:Ce deposition system reveals that the CaGa2S4:Ce is independent of its components. Further, the deposition of CaGa2S4:Ce is found to be Ca rich under conditions which leads to low Ga/Ca ratios in the deposited film. This indicates that the conversion of Ca from Ca(tmhd)2 was catalyzed by the slight presence of Ga in the form of CaGa2S4:Ce or Ga2S3 on the surface. The Ca is thought to be deposited as CaS:Ce since there is a shift in the EL color towards green under low Ga/Ca ratios. The Ca conversion is also found to approach values predicted by the CaS deposition mechanism under conditions which lead to high Ga/Ca ratios, implying that excess Ga2S3 is needed for the deposition of CaGa2S4:Ce without any CaS:Ce inclusions.

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P110. Improvements in cost effectiveness of adult cervical deformity corrective surgery over time: Analysis of a prospective adult cervical deformity database

The Spine Journal ◽

10.1016/j.spinee.2021.05.318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. S194

Author(s):

Peter G. Passias ◽

Nicholas Kummer ◽

Oscar Krol ◽

Virginie Lafage ◽

Renaud Lafage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Corrective Surgery ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Cervical Deformity ◽

Over Time

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Elections and Public Policy

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055400263971 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 41-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Benjamin Ginsberg

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

National Policy ◽

Recent Time ◽

National Party ◽

Opinion Survey ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Temporal Dimension ◽

Time Periods ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

In the absence of historical opinion survey data, studies of the linkage between popular voting and American public policy have been confined to relatively recent time periods. Questions about these linkages, however, necessarily have a temporal dimension—what is the relationship between voting and policy over time?This paper establishes criteria for citizen policy choice that do not depend on opinion surveys. Data drawn from national party platforms and U.S. statutes, and aggregate voting data are compared to determine the extent to which majority choices are translated into national policy over time. Analysis of these data suggests that whether or not voters are completely aware of all of the implications of their actions, over time, popular majorities appear to govern.

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