Polysaccharide prediction in Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body by hyperspectral imaging

Ganoderma lucidum is polyporus fungi from Basidiomycetes which can be used as traditional medicines. Toxicity test with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) method using Artemia salina was conducted to find out toxic effect of G.lucidum. An extract would have toxic effect if the LC50 < 1000 µg/ml. The aims of this experiment were to know about the toxicity level from G.lucidum with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) method and determined the concentration of fruiting body extract of G.lucidum which had the best toxicity effect in LC50. There were two extraction methods used in this experiment, first one stage extraction and then multilevel extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Each solvent was made in 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, and 125 ppm. This process was repeated for three times. This experiment used G.lucidum extract which was tested to A.salina and secunder compound metabolit test from the most toxic G. lucidum was done with phytochemical analysis. The result indicated that fruiting body extract from G.lucidum could kill A.salina because all extract was positively contained alkaloid and terpenoid but negatively contained flavonoid. Fruiting body extract from G.lucidum which had lowest LC50 wass ethyl asetat extract with one stage extraction in concentration 53,70 ppm and highest LC50 was ethanol extract with multilevel extraction in concentration 501,18 ppm.

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High-Pressure Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Body and Their Anti-hepatoma Effect Associated With the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.602702 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Liping Zhu ◽

Min Wu ◽

Peng Li ◽

Yanfei Zhou ◽

Jinyi Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

High Performance ◽

Erk Signaling ◽

Human Hepatoma ◽

Mechanistic Investigation

As a noted medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been reported to have a number of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor and liver protection. Compared with the common ethanol reflux method, supercritical CO2 extraction has obvious advantages in obtaining antitumor extracts from G. lucidum fruiting body such as short extraction time, low temperature and no solvent residue. However, Using high-pressure supercritical CO2 without entrainer to obtain the antitumor extracts from G. lucidum and studying their anti-hepatoma effect have not been reported. In this study, high-pressure supercritical CO2 extracts obtained under 65, 85, and 105 MPa pressure named as G65, G85, G105 respectively and ethanol reflux extract (GLE) were used to investigate their anti-hepatoma activity and the underlying molecular mechanism. The total triterpenoid content of G85 was significantly higher than that of G65 and GLE, but did not differ significantly from that of G105 by UV and high-performance liquid chromatography. GLE, G65, and G85 could inhibit cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle in G2/M phase, and induce apoptosis in two liver cancer cell lines (QGY7703 and SK-Hep1), of which G85 had the strongest effect. The results showed that the potency of their cytotoxicity of the high-pressure supercritical CO2 extracts on human hepatoma carcinoma cells in vitro was consistent with their total triterpenoid content. G85 exhibited significant anti-hepatoma effect with low toxicity In vivo. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that the anti-tumor effect of these extracts was associated with their inhibition of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that the high-pressure supercritical CO2 extraction of G. lucidum fruiting body can be used to obtain a triterpenoid-rich anti-tumor agent, which may have potential clinical significance for the treatment of human hepatoma.

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Mapping the metabolic signatures of fermentation broth, mycelium, fruiting body and spores powder from Ganoderma lucidum by untargeted metabolomics

LWT ◽

10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 109494

Author(s):

Chunliang Xie ◽

Shaowei Yan ◽

Zhoumei Zhang ◽

Wenbing Gong ◽

Zuohua Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruiting Body ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Untargeted Metabolomics ◽

Metabolic Signatures

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Antioxidant Properties of the Peptides Isolated From Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Body

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics ◽

10.1007/s10989-012-9303-2 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 319-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Vinay U. Girjal ◽

Shivayogeeswar Neelagund ◽

Madappa Krishnappa

Keyword(s):

Fruiting Body ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Antioxidant Properties

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Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from a cDNA library of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum

Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1186/1749-8546-5-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Hongmei Luo ◽

Chao Sun ◽

Jingyuan Song ◽

Jin Lan ◽

Ying Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cdna Library ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Expressed Sequence Tags ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Expressed Sequence

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Ganoderol B: A potent α-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum

Phytomedicine ◽

10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1053-1055 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Sri Fatmawati ◽

Kuniyoshi Shimizu ◽

Ryuichiro Kondo

Keyword(s):

Fruiting Body ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Glucosidase Inhibitor

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The effects of different solvents on bioactive metabolites and “in vitro” antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body and primordia extracts

Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ◽

10.20450/mjcce.2017.1054 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Darija Cör ◽

Tanja Botić ◽

Andrej Gregori ◽

Franc Pohleven ◽

Željko Knez

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Enzyme Inhibition ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme

It is known that the lingzhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst produces various, bioactive metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of various extracts obtained from G. lucidum fruiting body and primordium, which is the initial stage of the mushroom’s fruiting body. Classical extraction of G. lucidum fruiting bodies and primordia using different solvents (water, methanol, acetone, ethanol and hexane) at two temperatures (at 25 °C and at the boiling point of the solvent) was performed.The influence of a solvent on the extraction yields and afterwards on the activity of the extract was observed. The extracts are rich in phenols, polysaccharides and proteins. The highest yield of 23.30% was obtained after water extraction. The total phenolic content was between 9 mgGA/g and 74.36 mgGA/g for G. lucidum fruiting bodies extracts and from 11.16 mgGA/g to 103.32 mgGA/g for G. lucidum primordia extracts. The antioxidant activity using the DPPH* free radical scavenging method was from 0.48% to 23.66% and from 5.32% to 54.57% for fruiting bodies and primordia extracts, respectively.Assessment of acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition was carried out using a colorimetric method based on Ellman’s reaction. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (AChE inhibition) by G. lucidum fruiting bodies extracts was between 18.1% and 32.5%. The highest AChE inhibitory activity of primordia extracts was 29.48%. This is the first report of G. lucidum primordia extracts and their biological activity.

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Integrative analysis of selected metabolites and the fungal transcriptome during the developmental cycle of Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 correlates lignocellulose degradation with carbohydrate and triterpenoid metabolism

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00533-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuai Zhou ◽

Xiaoyu Zhang ◽

Fuying Ma ◽

Shangxian Xie ◽

Chuanhong Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruiting Body ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Lignocellulose Degradation ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Enzyme Expression ◽

Fruiting Body Formation ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Body Formation ◽

Substrate Degradation ◽

Polysaccharide Synthesis

To systemically understand the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive substances, including triterpenoids and polysaccharides, in Ganoderma lucidum, the correlation between substrate degradation, carbohydrate and triterpenoid metabolism during growth was analyzed by combining changes in metabolite content and changes in related enzyme expression in G. lucidum over 5 growth phases. Changes in low-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in glucose and mannitol content in fruiting bodies. Additionally, changes in medium-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in the lignocellulose content of the substrate and with the glucose, trehalose and mannitol contents of fruiting bodies. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that changes in trehalose and polyol content were related to carbohydrate catabolism and polysaccharide synthesis. Changes in triterpenoid content were related to expression of the carbohydrate catabolic enzymes, laccase, cellulase, hemicellulase, and polysaccharide synthase and to the expression of several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). It was concluded that the products of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation participate in polyol, trehalose and polysaccharide synthesis during initial fruiting body formation. These carbohydrates accumulate in the early phase of fruiting body formation and are utilized when the fruiting bodies mature and a large number of spores are ejected. An increase in carbohydrate metabolism provides additional precursors for the synthesis of triterpenoids. Importance Most studies of G. lucidum have focused on its medicinal function and on the mechanism of its activity, whereas the physiological metabolism and synthesis of bioactive substances during the growth of this species have been less studied. Therefore, theoretical guidance for cultivation methods to increase the production of bioactive compounds remains lacking. This study integrated changes in the lignocellulose, carbohydrate and triterpenoid contents of G. lucidum with enzyme expression from transcriptomics data using WGCNA. The findings helped us better understand the connections between substrate utilization and the synthesis of polysaccharides and triterpenoids during the cultivation cycle of G. lucidum. The results of WGCNA suggest that the synthesis of triterpenoids can be enhanced not only through regulating the expression of enzymes in the triterpenoid pathway, but also through regulating carbohydrate metabolism and substrate degradation. This study provides a potential approach and identifies enzymes that can be targeted to regulate lignocellulose degradation and accelerate the accumulation of bioactive substances by regulating substrate degradation in G. lucidum.

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