Pathophysiology of Immunologic and Nonimmunologic Systemic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis

2022 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Joshua Fowler ◽  
Phil Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Reactions

Risk stratification of systemic reactions to subcutaneous immunotherapy: A retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Sani ◽  
Ratika Gupta ◽  
Luz Fonacier ◽  
Marcella Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Subcutaneous Immunotherapy ◽  
Systemic Reactions

ДИАГНОСТИКА ХРОНИЧЕСКИХ ИНДУЦИРОВАННЫХ КРАПИВНИЦ

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
E.Yu. Borzova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Biological Therapy ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
International Guidelines ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Challenge Tests

Хронические индуцированные крапивницы имеют важное социальноэкономическое значение вследствие риска развития системных реакций и значительного снижения качества жизни пациентов. Диагностика хронических индуцированных крапивниц основывается на анамнестических данных и проведении провокационных тестов. Современный протокол ведения больных хронической крапивницей включает применение неседативных антигистаминных препаратов. Международные согласительные документы по лечению крапивницы рекомендуют 4кратное увеличение суточной дозы неседативных антигистаминных препаратов при их неэффективности в стандартных дозах. Данные метаанализа указывают на эффективность омализумаба при хронических индуцированных крапивницах. В перспективе ожидается расширение арсенала генноинженерной биологической терапии хронических индуцированных крапивниц.Chronic inducible urticarias are characterized by the risks of systemic reactions and a significant impairment of patients quality of life. The diagnosis of chronic inducible urticarias relies on the patients history and the challenge tests. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic inducible urticarias includes nonsedating antihistamines as a firstline treatment. The international guidelines for the management of chronic inducible urticarias recommend updosing of nonsedating antihistamines up to four fold if standard doses are not effective. The metaanalysis suggests the efficacy of omalizumab in chronic inducible urticarias. In the prospect, the novel options of biological therapy for chronic inducible urticarias are expected.

ДИАГНОСТИКА ХРОНИЧЕСКИХ ИНДУЦИРОВАННЫХ КРАПИВНИЦ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.Yu. Borzova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Therapy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
First Line ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Challenge Tests ◽  
First Line Treatment

Хронические индуцированные крапивницы имеют важное социально-экономическое значение вследствие риска развития системных реакций и значительного снижения качества жизни пациентов. Диагностика хронических индуцированных крапивниц основывается на анамнестических данных и проведении провокационных тестов. Современный протокол ведения больных хронической крапивницей включает применение неседативных антигистаминных препаратов. Международные согласительные документы по лечению крапивницы рекомендуют 4-кратное увеличение суточной дозы неседативных антигистаминных препаратов при их неэффективности в стандартных дозах. Данные мета-анализа указывают на эффективность омализумаба при хронических индуцированных крапивницах. В перспективе ожидается расширение арсенала генно-инженерной биологической терапии хронических индуцированных крапивниц.Chronic inducible urticarias are characterized by the risks of systemic reactions and a significant impairment of patients quality of life. The diagnosis of chronic inducible urticarias relies on the patients history and the challenge tests. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic inducible urticarias includes nonsedating antihistamines as a first-line treatment. The international guidelines for the management of chronic inducible urticarias recommend updosing of nonsedating antihistamines up to four fold if standard doses are not effective. The meta-analysis suggests the efficacy of omalizumab in chronic inducible urticarias. In the prospect, the novel options of biological therapy for chronic inducible urticarias are expected.

Characteristics of Asian Mosquito Saliva Allergens for Specific Diagnoses and Effective Therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soung-Hoo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Recombinant Allergens ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mosquito Saliva ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Future Direction

An allergic reaction to mosquitoes can result in severe or abnormal local or systemic reactions such as anaphylaxis, angioedema, and general urticarial or wheezing. The aim of this review is to provide information on mosquito saliva allergens that can support the production of highly specific recombinant saliva allergens. In particular, candidate allergens of mosquitoes that are well suited to the ecology of mosquitoes that occur mainly in East Asia will be identified and introduced. By doing so, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe sensitivity to mosquito allergy will be improved by predicting the characteristics of East Asian mosquito allergy, presenting the future direction of production of recombinant allergens, and understanding the difference between East and West.

Nickel and Skin: From Allergy to Autoimmunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1032-1040
Author(s):  
Kossara Drenovska ◽  
Martin Shahid ◽  
Snejina Vassileva
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Autoinflammatory Disorders ◽  
Metal Implants ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Nickel Compounds ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Detailed Search

Introduction & Objectives: Cutaneous and systemic reactions to various metal implants and medical devices have been well documented. The aim of this review was to focus on the probable common mechanisms of allergy and autoimmunity that may lead to similar clinical outcomes following the growing evidence in the literature of metal and nickel-related systemic, autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Methods: Detailed search of the available electronic databases (PubMed-Medline) was conducted for review of the literature on that topic till the present moment. Results: Multiple reports on the immunological effects of metals including immunomodulation, allergy, or autoimmunity were identified. It was found that metals may act through immunosuppression, immunotoxicity, or as immune adjuvants thus provoking allergy and autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Both external or internal exposure to metals was observed. Nickel has been identified as the most common sensitizer, and also the most studied one. The coexistence of both allergic and autoimmune symptoms, induced by nickel, has been published, suggesting the autoimmune potential of nickel compounds. Conclusions: Clinical experience and scientific literature together demonstrate that metals may play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. While metal implant allergies and complications are on the rise, they remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Elucidation of their possible mechanisms will contribute to the more successful and safer treatment of affected individuals.

scholarly journals Hexapod Assassins’ Potion: Venom Composition and Bioactivity from the Eurasian Assassin Bug Rhynocoris iracundus

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Nicolai Rügen ◽  
Timothy P. Jenkins ◽  
Natalie Wielsch ◽  
Heiko Vogel ◽  
Benjamin-Florian Hempel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Assassin Bug ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tissue Digestion

Assassin bug venoms are potent and exert diverse biological functions, making them potential biomedical goldmines. Besides feeding functions on arthropods, assassin bugs also use their venom for defense purposes causing localized and systemic reactions in vertebrates. However, assassin bug venoms remain poorly characterized. We collected the venom from the assassin bug Rhynocoris iracundus and investigated its composition and bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. It caused lysis of murine neuroblastoma, hepatoma cells, and healthy murine myoblasts. We demonstrated, for the first time, that assassin bug venom induces neurolysis and suggest that it counteracts paralysis locally via the destruction of neural networks, contributing to tissue digestion. Furthermore, the venom caused paralysis and melanization of Galleria mellonella larvae and pupae, whilst also possessing specific antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but not Listeria grayi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A combinatorial proteo-transcriptomic approach was performed to identify potential toxins responsible for the observed effects. We identified neurotoxic Ptu1, an inhibitory cystin knot (ICK) toxin homologous to ω-conotoxins from cone snails, cytolytic redulysins homologous to trialysins from hematophagous kissing bugs, and pore-forming hemolysins. Additionally, chitinases and kininogens were found and may be responsible for insecticidal and cytolytic activities. We demonstrate the multifunctionality and complexity of assassin bug venom, which renders its molecular components interesting for potential biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Validation of TaqMan-Based Assays for Specific Detection and Differentiation of Wild-Type and Neethling Vaccine Strains of LSDV

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234
Author(s):  
Dejan Vidanović ◽  
Bojana Tešović ◽  
Milanko Šekler ◽  
Zoran Debeljak ◽  
Nikola Vasković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Significant Health

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important animal disease with significant health and economic impacts. It is considered a notifiable disease by the OIE. Attenuated strains of LSDV have been successfully used as vaccines (LAV) but can also produce mild or systemic reactions. Vaccination campaigns using LAVs are therefore only viable if accompanying DIVA assays are available. Two DIVA qPCR assays able to distinguish Neethling-based LAVs and wild-type LSDV were developed. Upon validation, both assays were shown to have high sensitivity and specificity with a diagnostic performance comparable to other published DIVA assays. This confirmed their potential as reliable tools to confirm infection in animals during vaccination campaigns based on Neethling vaccine strains.

Critical care management of hydrofluoric acid burns with a negative outcome

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e242187
Author(s):  
Aalekh Prasad ◽  
Heba Ibrahim ◽  
Katherine Mortimore ◽  
Rohan Vandabona
Keyword(s):  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Care Management ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Severe Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Fluoride Ions ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances ◽  
Severe Burns ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Critical Care Management

Hydrofluoric acid is a highly corrosive acid widely used in various industries. When in contact with skin it causes local and systemic reactions due to the generation of fluoride ions. Severe burns are associated with high mortality rates, approaching 100%. We present a 21-year-old man with 15% full thickness burns, severe metabolic acidosis, hypoxia and electrolyte disturbances. The burns were treated with topical and subcutaneous injections of calcium gluconate, and the patient was given intravenous fluid, calcium chloride, magnesium and insulin-glucose infusions. Continuous renal replacement therapy was initiated due to the severity of the systemic toxicity. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was considered as it plays a vital role when conventional therapies fail. Our patient suffered multiple cardiac arrests and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was conducted several times but despite extensive efforts, he did not survive.

scholarly journals Dose dependence of efficacy but not of safety in sublingual immunotherapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Frati ◽  
C. Incorvaia ◽  
F. Marcucci ◽  
L. Sensi ◽  
G. Di Cara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublingual Immunotherapy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dose Dependence ◽  
Subcutaneous Immunotherapy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Significant Difference

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) currently represents, as indicated by meta-analysis of its efficacy and safety, a valid option to the generally used traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for treating respiratory allergy. Regarding efficacy, recent studies demonstrated that, similar to what has already been observed in SCIT as well as in experimental and clinical studies about the magnitudo of allergen exposure, the effectiveness on both clinical symptoms and immunologic changes depends on the amount of allergen administered during treatment. In addition, in vitro studies addressed with the role of dendritic cells, currently considered to be of pivotal importance in orienting toward tolerance the immune response to allergens, showed that the internalisation of allergen molecules, which is followed by tolerogenic presentation to T cells, depends on the amount of allergen. However, such dose dependence is not apparent concerning the safety. In fact, the comparison of studies respectively conducted with high and low allergen doses did not show differences in the rate of systemic reactions, which in any case never had the presentation of anaphylaxis, and instead a significant difference in the rate of local reactions, following the oral and gastrointestinal contact with the allergen extract, in favour of high dose studies.

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