scholarly journals The effect of continuous high intensity white noise on cognitive functions, emotional sphere and the structure/ultrastructure of auditory and emotion-related brain regions in female rats

IBRO Reports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. S349
Author(s):  
Mzia Zhvania ◽  
Nina Gogokhia ◽  
Nadezhda Japaridze ◽  
Nino Pochkhidze
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Female Rats

Effects of combined exposure to dichlorvos and monocrotophos on blood and brain biochemical variables in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Dwivedi ◽  
Yangchen D Bhutia ◽  
Vinesh Kumar ◽  
Preeti Yadav ◽  
Pramod Kushwaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Biochemical Variables ◽  
Aspartate Amino Transferase ◽  
Brain Ache Activity ◽  
Concomitant Exposure ◽  
Cholinergic Effects

Dichlorvos (DDVP) and monocrotophos (MC) are systemic insecticides and known to produce cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects. Individual toxic effects of these chemicals are known but their combined effects have not been studied. We studied the effect of concomitant exposure to DDVP and MC on selected biochemical variables suggestive of liver damage, changes in whole brain biogenic amines levels, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rats. Female rats were exposed to DDVP (2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) and MC (1.8 mg/kg oral) either individually or in combination for 4 weeks. We observed significant decrease in more pronounced depletion in norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels during co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain AChE activity increased and activity of MAO showed significant depletion on co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio decreased significantly during exposure to DDVP or MC while co-exposure to these toxicants led to a more pronounced depletion of GSH: GSSG ratio. Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities increased significantly on exposure to MC suggesting liver injury, while DDVP alone had no effect on these variables. There were no effects of DDVP and MC exposure on haematological biochemical variables except for depletion in serum glucose level after MC exposure which was more pronounced DDVP + MC during co-exposure. It can be concluded that only moderate synergistic effects occur between MC and DDVP during co-exposure. A more detailed study with variable doses, prolonged exposure and alterations in different brain regions is recommended.

Acute effect of high-intensity interval training exercise on redox status in the ovaries of rats fed a high-fat diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Rodrigo L. Furtado ◽  
Jonathan Elias R. Martins ◽  
Maria Alice F. Oliveira ◽  
Denise D. Guerreiro ◽  
Naiza A. R. de Sá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
High Intensity Interval

This study demonstrates the effect of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on the redox status of rat ovaries with excess adiposity. Forty Wistar female rats (mean (±s.e.m.) weight 94.40 ± 13.40 g) were divided into two groups and fed either a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 62 days. At the end of this period, the rats were subjected to a single HIIT session and were killed 24 h after exercise. Both groups subjected to exercise (SDex and HFDex) generated a significantly higher antioxidant environment by presenting a higher thiol content, which represents a lower oxidation rate of GSH than their respective controls (SD and HFD). The percentage of morphologically normal primary follicles decreased, whereas that of antral follicles increased, in the SDex group. In addition, the HFD group had a higher percentage of degenerated antral follicles than the SD and SDex groups. Cells immunoreactive for α-smooth muscle actin were seen in the cortical stroma and thecal layer enclosing late secondary and tertiary follicles in all groups. Moreover, heme oxygenase and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp19A1) labelling was seen in all antral follicles. Progesterone concentrations were significantly higher in the HFDex than SDex group. In conclusion, this study indicates that a single session of HIIT may result in an improvement in ovary redox status because of metabolic muscle activity by inducing physiological adaptation after exercise in a paracrine manner.

Abstract 15602: Sex-differences in Extreme Exercise-induced Adverse Cardiovascular Remodeling

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Sanguesa ◽  
Aline Meza ◽  
Anna Alcarraz ◽  
Cira Rubies ◽  
Lluis Mont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Descending Aorta ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cardiovascular Remodeling ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Exercise Induced

Introduction: There is emerging evidence in men that sustained high-intensity training promotes an adverse cardiovascular remodeling, thereby increasing the risk of atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and coronary calcification. Whether men and women are similarly affected by high intensity exercise-induced harm is unclear. Our aim was to study sex differences in a long-term endurance training rat model. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats were subjected to high intensity training for 16 weeks (INT, 60min 60cm/s, male n=20, female n=15). Sedentary rats (SED, male n=20, female n=18) were used as controls. At the end of the training period, rats had an electrocardiogram and echocardiography performed. Vascular fibrosis was assessed in descending aorta, left carotid, and intramyocardial arteries (IMA), right and left atria, and left ventricle (LV) histological samples. mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation genes were assessed in LV samples by Real-Time PCR. Results: INT male rats presented lower heart rate (382±9, 340±10, SED vs INT, p<0.01) and a longer QRS duration (18.8±0.6, 22.4±1.1, SED vs INT, p<0.01), while these were not modified in the INT female group. Echocardiography showed eccentric LV hypertrophy in both trained male and female rats. High intensity exercise induced fibrosis in the descending aorta and carotid in both males and females, but IMA were only affected in trained male rats. In the heart, exercise-induced atrial fibrosis similarly occurred in both trained male and female rats. No training-induced fibrosis was evident in the LV of both INT male and female rats. Regarding LV mRNA analysis, INT males showed a reduction of desmin, TTN and N2BA/N2B ratio, whereas INT females exhibited higher desmin mRNA levels and lower αMHC/βMHC ratio. Intense exercise did not increase LV mRNA levels of fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation markers neither in males nor in females. In comparison to males, females had lower LV myocardial fibrosis as well as lower fibrosis markers. Conclusions: Male and female rats exhibit qualitatively different cardiovascular remodeling after extreme exercise. Nevertheless, both sexes might develop exercise-induced adverse vascular and cardiac effects.

Interleukin-1 Receptor Type I mRNA Levels in Brain Regions From Male and Female Rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Gayle ◽  
Sergey E. Ilyin ◽  
Carlos R. Plata-Salamán
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

scholarly journals A Roadmap for Understanding Memory: Decomposing Cognitive Processes into Operations and Representations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Cowell ◽  
Morgan Barense ◽  
Patrick Sadil
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Representational Content ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
High Level

Thanks to patients Phineas Gage and Henry Molaison, we have long known that behavioral control depends on the frontal lobes, whereas declarative memory depends on the medial temporal lobes. For decades, cognitive functions – behavioral control, declarative memory – have served as labels for characterizing the division of labor in cortex. This approach has made enormous contributions to understanding how the brain enables the mind, providing a systems-level explanation of brain function that constrains lower-level investigations of neural mechanism. Today, the approach has evolved such that functional labels are often applied to brain networks rather than focal brain regions. Furthermore, the labels have diversified to include both broadly-defined cognitive functions (declarative memory, visual perception) and more circumscribed mental processes (recollection, familiarity, priming). We ask whether a process – a high-level mental phenomenon corresponding to an introspectively-identifiable cognitive event – is the most productive label for dissecting memory. For example, the process of recollection conflates a neurocomputational operation (pattern completion-based retrieval) with a class of representational content (associative, high-dimensional, episodic-like memories). Because a full theory of memory must identify operations and representations separately, and specify how they interact, we argue that processes like recollection constitute inadequate labels for characterizing neural mechanisms. Instead, we advocate considering the component operations and representations of mnemonic processes in isolation, when examining their neural underpinnings. For the neuroanatomical organization of memory, the evidence suggests that pattern completion is recapitulated widely across cortex, but the division of labor between cortical sites can be explained by representational content.

Neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory: insights from brain stimulation studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakia Z Haque ◽  
Ranshikha Samandra ◽  
Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The concept of working memory refers to a collection of cognitive abilities and processes involved in the short-term storage of task-relevant information to guide the ongoing and upcoming behaviour and therefore describes an important aspect of executive control of behaviour for achieving goals. Deficits in working memory and related cognitive abilities have been observed in patients with brain damage or neuropsychological disorders and therefore it is important to better understand neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory. Working memory relies on neural mechanisms that enable encoding, maintenance and manipulation of stored information as well as integrating them with ongoing and future goals. Recently, a surge in brain stimulation studies have led to development of various non-invasive techniques for localized stimulation of prefrontal and other cortical regions in humans. These brain stimulation techniques can potentially be tailored to influence neural activities in particular brain regions and modulate cognitive functions and behaviour. Combined use of brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording have provided a great opportunity to monitor neural activity in various brain regions and non-invasively intervene and modulate cognitive functions in cognitive tasks. These studies have shed more light on the neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory in humans. Here, we review findings and insight from these brain stimulation studies about the contribution of brain regions, and particularly prefrontal cortex, to working memory.

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