Zebrafish harbor diverse intestinal macrophage populations including a subset intimately associated with enteric neural processes

AbstractTo understand the contribution of mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), which include monocyte-derived intestinal macrophages, to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is necessary to identify functionally-different MNP populations. We aimed to characterise intestinal macrophage populations in patients with IBD. We developed 12-parameter flow cytometry protocols to identify and human intestinal MNPs. We used these protocols to purify and characterize colonic macrophages from colonic tissue from patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or non-inflamed controls, in a cross-sectional study. We identify macrophage populations (CD45+CD64+ HLA-DR+) and describe two distinct subsets, differentiated by their expression of the mannose receptor, CD206. CD206+ macrophages expressed markers consistent with a mature phenotype: high levels of CD68 and CD163, higher transcription of IL-10 and lower expression of TREM1. CD206− macrophages appear to be less mature, with features more similar to their monocytic precursors. We identified and purified macrophage populations from human colon. These appear to be derived from a monocytic precursor with high CCR2 and low CD206 expression. As these cells mature, they acquire expression of IL-10, CD206, CD63, and CD168. Targeting the newly recruited monocyte-derived cells may represent a fruitful avenue to ameliorate chronic inflammation in IBD.

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Beyond Immunity: Underappreciated Functions of Intestinal Macrophages

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.749708 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Pailin Chiaranunt ◽

Siu Ling Tai ◽

Louis Ngai ◽

Arthur Mortha

Keyword(s):

The Body ◽

Tissue Cell ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Functional Heterogeneity ◽

Holistic View ◽

Open Questions ◽

Potential Factors ◽

Macrophage Populations ◽

Intestinal Macrophage ◽

And Function

The gastrointestinal tract hosts the largest compartment of macrophages in the body, where they serve as mediators of host defense and immunity. Seeded in the complex tissue-environment of the gut, an array of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells forms their immediate neighborhood. Emerging data demonstrate that the functional diversity of intestinal macrophages reaches beyond classical immunity and includes underappreciated non-immune functions. In this review, we discuss recent advances in research on intestinal macrophage heterogeneity, with a particular focus on how non-immune functions of macrophages impact tissue homeostasis and function. We delve into the strategic localization of distinct gut macrophage populations, describe the potential factors that regulate their identity and functional heterogeneity within these locations, and provide open questions that we hope will inspire research dedicated to elucidating a holistic view on macrophage-tissue cell interactions in the body’s largest mucosal organ.

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Ultrastructural study on the development of rat amygdaloid body

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100159709 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 432-433

Author(s):

A. Manolova ◽

S. Manolov

Keyword(s):

Nerve Cells ◽

Amygdaloid Complex ◽

Amygdaloid Body ◽

Thin Ring ◽

Morphological Criteria ◽

Neural Processes ◽

Abundant Cytoplasm ◽

Level 1 ◽

Few Data ◽

Oval Shape

Relatively few data on the development of the amygdaloid complex are available only at the light microscopic level (1-3). The existence of just general morphological criteria requires the performance of other investigations in particular ultrastructural in order to obtain new and more detailed information about the changes in the amygdaloid complex during development.The prenatal and postnatal development of rat amygdaloid complex beginning from the 12th embrionic day (ED) till the 33rd postnatal day (PD) has been studied. During the early stages of neurogenesis (12ED), the nerve cells were observed to be closely packed, small-sized, with oval shape. A thin ring of cytoplasm surrounded their large nuclei, their nucleoli being very active with various size and form (Fig.1). Some cells possessed more abundant cytoplasm. The perikarya were extremely rich in free ribosomes. Single sacs of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were observed among them. The mitochondria were with light matrix and possessed few cristae. Neural processes were viewed to sprout from some nerve cells (Fig.2). Later the nuclei were still comparatively large and with various shape.

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Social Cognition in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie ◽

10.1024/1016-264x/a000272 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 243-249

Author(s):

Ronja Weiblen ◽

Melanie Jonas ◽

Sören Krach ◽

Ulrike M. Krämer

Keyword(s):

Tourette Syndrome ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Mirror Neuron System ◽

Mirror Neuron ◽

Theoretical Work ◽

Neural Processes ◽

The Social ◽

Decision Making System ◽

Social Decision Making ◽

Work Done

Abstract. Research on the neural mechanisms underlying Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has mostly concentrated on abnormalities in basal ganglia circuits. Recent alternative accounts, however, focused more on social and affective aspects. Individuals with GTS show peculiarities in their social and affective domain, including echophenomena, coprolalia, and nonobscene socially inappropriate behavior. This article reviews the experimental and theoretical work done on the social symptoms of GTS. We discuss the role of different social cognitive and affective functions and associated brain networks, namely, the social-decision-making system, theory-of-mind functions, and the so-called “mirror-neuron” system. Although GTS affects social interactions in many ways, and although the syndrome includes aberrant social behavior, the underlying cognitive, affective, and neural processes remain to be investigated.

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Biased Cognitions & Social Anxiety: Building a Global Framework for Integrating Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neural Processes

10.3389/978-2-88919-423-0 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Anxiety ◽

Cognitive Behavioral ◽

Neural Processes

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The Social Neuroscience of Cooperation

10.31234/osf.io/8kcd4 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jay Joseph Van Bavel

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Models ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Review Literature ◽

Social Neuroscience ◽

Future Research ◽

A Value ◽

Group Cooperation ◽

Neural Processes ◽

The Social ◽

Cooperative Decision Making

We review literature from several fields to describe common experimental tasks used to measure human cooperation as well as the theoretical models that have been used to characterize cooperative decision-making, as well as brain regions implicated in cooperation. Building on work in neuroeconomics, we suggest a value-based account may provide the most powerful understanding the psychology and neuroscience of group cooperation. We also review the role of individual differences and social context in shaping the mental processes that underlie cooperation and consider gaps in the literature and potential directions for future research on the social neuroscience of cooperation. We suggest that this multi-level approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mental and neural processes that underlie the decision to cooperate with others.

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