An experimental investigation of the nature of longitudinal cracks in oil and gas transmission pipelines

2018 ◽  
Vol 741 ◽  
pp. 1121-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid reza Hajibagheri ◽  
Ali Heidari ◽  
Rasool Amini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Longitudinal Cracks ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

When Metals and Microbes Meet: Preventing Microbial Corrosion in Crude Oil Transmission Pipelines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Gieg ◽  
Mohita Sharma ◽  
Trevor Place ◽  
Jennifer Sargent ◽  
Yin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Microbial Corrosion ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

Abstract Corrosion of carbon steel infrastructure in the oil and gas industry can occur via a variety of chemical, physical, and/or microbiological mechanisms. Although microbial corrosion is known to lead to infrastructure failure in many upstream and downstream operations, predicting when and how microorganisms attack metal surfaces remains a challenge. In crude oil transmission pipelines, a kind of aggressive corrosion known as under deposit corrosion (UDC) can occur, wherein mixtures of solids (sands, clays, inorganic minerals), water, oily hydrocarbons, and microorganisms form discreet, (bio)corrosive sludges on the metal surface. To prevent UDC, operators will use physical cleaning methods (e.g., pigging) combined with chemical treatments such as biocides, corrosion inhibitors, and/or biodispersants. As such, it necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments in preventing UDC by monitoring the sludge characteristics and the microorganisms that are potentially involved in the corrosion process. The efficacies of a biocide, corrosion inhibitor, and biodispersant being used to prevent microbial corrosion in a crude oil transmission pipeline were evaluated. A combination of various microbiological analyses and corrosivity tests were performed using sludge samples collected during pigging operations. The results indicated that the combined treatment using inhibitor, biocide 1 and biodispersant was the most effective in preventing metal damage, and both growth-based and Next-Generation Sequencing approaches provided value towards understanding the effects of the chemical treatments. The efficacy of a different biocide (#2) could be discriminated using these test methods. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering and monitoring for microbial corrosion of crucial metal infrastructure in the oil and gas industry, and the value of combining multiple lines of evidence to evaluate the performance of different chemical treatment scenarios.

Methods of increasing efficiency of construction, service, and repair of oil and gas equipment and transmission pipelines using adaptive pulsed welding and surfacing technologies

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu N Saraev ◽  
L I Makarova ◽  
N V Kirilova ◽  
A V Kozlov ◽  
V V Rogacheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

The Role of Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams in Material Design for High Strength Oil and Gas Transmission Pipeline Steels

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Stalheim ◽  
Govindarajan Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Continuous Cooling Transformation ◽  
Continuous Cooling ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Final Microstructure ◽  
Cct Diagrams ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

The economical, environmental, and safe movement of gas and oil to the marketplace requires transmission pipelines to be designed to operate at higher pressures and/or with improved toughness over a variety of temperature ranges. To meet the higher strength and toughness specification requirements of these transmission pipelines, appropriate materials and processes must be used in their design and construction. This includes selection of appropriate alloy composition, processing routes, microstructure control, and cost. A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram is a tool that can be used to select alloy composition and processing route in order to obtain a specific, desirable microstructure for transmission linepipe steels in a cost-effective manner. In the past, CCT diagrams were developed experimentally under laboratory conditions, thus requiring extensive time and effort. However, with the vast data available and improved computational tools, reasonably accurate computer generated CCT diagrams can be produced quickly. These computer generated diagrams can give the materials design engineer a reasonable understanding of the effect of subjecting a given alloy to various processing routes and hence the resultant microstructures. Since final microstructure is a key variable in determining the linepipe steel material properties, the chosen alloy/processing route and its effect on the final microstructure needs to be understood. This paper will discuss the role of CCT diagrams in the design of steels (cost, alloy, processing, and microstructure) for oil and gas transmission pipelines. Examples of computer generated CCT digrams for various API alloy designs are included.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITIES IN POROUS MEDIA

Geophysics ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. J. Wyllie ◽  
A. R. Gregory ◽  
G. H. F. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Porous Media ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Velocity Data ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Gas Saturation ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Made In

An experimental investigation has been made of the factors which affect the velocity of vibratory signals in porous media. It is shown from the results of experiments carried out on appropriate natural and synthetic porous systems that the time‐average formula previously suggested by Wyllie, Gregory, and L. W. Gardner is of considerable utility. This formula states that [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] measured, [Formula: see text] in saturating liquid, [Formula: see text] in rock solid, and ϕ=volumetric porosity fraction. The effects are examined of differential compacting pressures on the applicability of this formula to consolidated and unconsolidated rocks. It is shown that the time‐average relationship cannot be applied to determine the total volumetric porosity of carbonate rocks which are vugular and fractured. In such rocks, paradoxically, this circumstance may be advantageous because of the lithological information that may be obtained from an appropriate combination of velocity and nuclear log data. The effects of oil and gas saturation on velocity have been examined experimentally and are found to be comparatively minor. The combination of velocity data with information from electric logs in order to locate zones of oil and gas saturation is shown to be generally valuable; this is particularly so when holes are drilled with oil‐base mud. Some discussion is given of the possible effects on velocity measurements of the relative wettability of rock surfaces by various liquids. Owing to instrumental limitations, it cannot necessarily be assumed that measurements made in the laboratory are directly applicable to the interpretation of velocity data obtained under field conditions.

scholarly journals Alternative Use of Achi, UKPO, and OFOR as Substitute to Standard Viscosifier

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Boyi ◽  
Godswill Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Cost Cutting ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Local Materials

In Nigeria, drilling companies import a bulk of drilling fluid materials that they use to carry out their respective operations. This has been a major concern to oil and gas industries since these drilling fluid materials cannot be recycled, are highly expensive in terms of foreign exchange, are not environmentally friendly, not very effective, and non-biodegradable. This work presents an experimental investigation into the reliability of the use of local materials as a substitute to conventional viscosifiers. Local materials used in the analysis are Mucuna solannie (Ukpo), Brachystegia eurycoma (Achi), and Detarium microcarpium (Ofo). The results obtained from the experimental analysis show that they compared closely to the standard viscosifer formulated with Pac-R. The results showed that the density, specific gravity, pH, yield stress, Gel strength, Plastic Viscosity, and yield point of mud formulated from local materials compared favorably with that of the imported viscosifer. It was observed that an increase in concentration produced a better result. Hence, they could replace the Pac-R considering cost, cutting carrying ability, etc.

scholarly journals Modelling of Sub-Sea Gas Transmission Pipeline to Predict Insulation Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ode Samson Chinedu ◽  
Okoro Emeka Emmanuel ◽  
Ekeinde Evelyn Bose ◽  
Dosunmu Adewale
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Transmission Systems ◽  
Insulation Failure ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Optic Fibre ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

Background: Thermally insulated subsea production and transmission systems are becoming more common in deep-water/ offshore operations. Premature failures of the insulation materials for these gas transmission pipelines have had significant operational impacts. The ability to timely detect these failures within these systems has been a very difficult task for the oil and gas industries. Thus, periodic survey of the subsea transmission systems is the present practice. In addition, a new technology called optic-fibre Distributed Temperature Sensing system (DTS) is now being used to monitor subsea transmission pipeline temperatures; but this technology is rather very expensive. Objective: However, this study proposed a model which will not only predict premature insulation failure in these transmission pipelines; but will also predict the section of the transmission line where the failure had occurred. Methods: From this study, we deduced that in gas pipeline flow, exit temperature for the system increases exponentially with the distance of insulation failure and approaches the normal operation if the failure occurs towards the exit of the gas pipe. This model can also be used to check the readings of an optic-fibre distributed temperature sensors. Result and Conclusion: After developing this model using classical visual basic and excel package, the model was validated by cross plotting the normal temperature profiles of the model and field data; and R-factor of 0.967 was obtained. Analysis of the results obtained from the model showed that insulation failure in subsea gas transmission pipeline can be predicted on a real-time basis by mere reading of the arrival temperature of a gas transmission line.

When Metals and Microbes Meet \u2013 Preventing Microbial Corrosion in Oil and Gas Transmission Pipelines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Gieg ◽  
Mohita Sharma ◽  
Jennifer Sargent ◽  
Trevor Place ◽  
Yin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Microbial Corrosion ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

An Experimental Investigation of Added Mass and Damping in Submerged Pipework

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Goyder
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Signal Processing ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Added Mass ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Damping Effect ◽  
Signal Processing Methods ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

Oil and gas pipework located on the sea floor may sometimes suffer from vibration and possible failure due to fatigue. The vulnerable pipework is usually the small diameter (typically 2 in) pipes in manifold systems. In order to assess this pipework for vibration it is necessary to know the natural frequencies and damping which are significantly influenced by the surrounding fluid. Measurements have been made on an L-shaped pipe to determine how it is affected by the fluid. Interestingly the effect on damping is small. Consequently experiments have also been performed to see the effect of adding vanes to the pipe. This provides a non-linear form of damping. Special signal processing methods have been developed to investigate this damping effect. The paper presents values for damping for pipes with and without vanes. The effect of the vanes is to significantly increase the damping.

Robotic Inspection System for Unpiggable Pipelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Torbin ◽  
William Leary ◽  
George Vradis
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Distributed Intelligence ◽  
Sensor Module ◽  
Upstream Direction ◽  
Pipe Geometry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pipeline Safety ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

Much of the existing natural gas infrastructure was designed and built without pigging as an operational consideration. There are many physical obstacles in pipelines that make the passage of SMART pigs impossible. The most intractable obstacles include: • Elbows with tight bend radius. • Back to back combinations of elbows. • Partially ported values. • Reductions/expansions greater than two pipe sizes. The use of pigs is totally dependent on the availability of pressure to “push” the pig through the pipeline. Unfortunately, the operation of many utility owned transmission pipelines is at a pressure too low to support the operation of a conventional pig. Although most interstate pipelines are many miles long, many high consequence areas along transmission pipelines are usually extremely short. Many of these pipeline segments are only one to two miles in length with no installed local traps. With the advances in robotics and sensor technology, the Office of Pipeline Safety has recently endorsed the concept that all oil and gas transmission pipelines should be capable of 100 percent inspection. The cost to replace just unpiggable valves and sharp bends has been estimated at over $1.5 billion (gas only). Therefore, the ability to inspect unpiggable pipelines presents a formidable technical and financial challenge. The inspection of unpiggable pipelines requires the marriage of a highly agile robotic platform with NDE sensor technology operating as an autonomous system. Foster-Miller and PII are developing a robot that is essentially a battery powered, train-like platform. Both front and rear tractors propel the train in either the downstream or upstream direction. Like a train, the platform includes additional “cars” to carry the required payloads. The cars are used for various purposes including the NDE sensor module(s), the power supply, and data acquisition/storage components. The onboard distributed intelligence gives the platform the capability of an engineer steering the train through the complex pipe geometry. The robot is designed with a slender aspect ratio and the ability to change shape as required by the physical obstacle presenting itself. The MFL sensor module must also morph itself through the physical obstacles, and thus, will require some level of segmentation. The system requires a very simple launch and retrieval station that is significantly less expensive to deploy.

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