Expression of fungal pectin methylesterase in transgenic tobacco leads to alteration in cell wall metabolism and a dwarf phenotype

2004 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohisa Hasunuma ◽  
Ei-ichiro Fukusaki ◽  
Akio Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype

scholarly journals Post-Synthetic Reduction of Pectin Methylesterification Causes Morphological Abnormalities and Alterations to Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1558
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Reem ◽  
Lauran Chambers ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Siti Farah Abdullah ◽  
Yintong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Defense Response Genes

Pectin is a critical component of the plant cell wall, supporting wall biomechanics and contributing to cell wall signaling in response to stress. The plant cell carefully regulates pectin methylesterification with endogenous pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and their inhibitors (PMEIs) to promote growth and protect against pathogens. We expressed Aspergillus nidulans pectin methylesterase (AnPME) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants to determine the impacts of methylesterification status on pectin function. Plants expressing AnPME had a roughly 50% reduction in methylester content compared with control plants. AnPME plants displayed a severe dwarf phenotype, including small, bushy rosettes and shorter roots. This phenotype was caused by a reduction in cell elongation. Cell wall composition was altered in AnPME plants, with significantly more arabinose and significantly less galacturonic acid, suggesting that plants actively monitor and compensate for altered pectin content. Cell walls of AnPME plants were more readily degraded by polygalacturonase (PG) alone but were less susceptible to treatment with a mixture of PG and PME. AnPME plants were insensitive to osmotic stress, and their susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea was comparable to wild type plants despite their compromised cell walls. This is likely due to upregulated expression of defense response genes observed in AnPME plants. These results demonstrate the importance of pectin in both normal growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Physiological Analysis and Transcriptome Profiling of Inverted Cuttings of Populus yunnanensis Reveal That Cell Wall Metabolism Plays a Crucial Role in Responding to Inversion

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Pei Zhou ◽  
Dan Zong ◽  
Pei-Hua Gan ◽  
Xin-Lian Zou ◽  
Xuan Fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Analysis ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Lateral Branches

Inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis remain alive by rooting from the original morphological apex and sprouting from the base, but the lateral branches exhibit less vigorous growth than those of the upright plant. In this study, we examined the changes in hormone contents, oxidase activities, and transcriptome profiles between upright and inverted cuttings of P. yunnanensis. The results showed that the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) contents were significantly lower in inverted cuttings than in upright cuttings only in the late growth period (September and October), while the abscisic acid (ABA) level was always similar between the two direction types. The biosynthesis of these hormones was surprisingly unrelated to the inversion of P. yunnanensis during the vegetative growth stage (July and August). Increased levels of peroxidases (PODs) encoded by 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) served as lignification promoters that protected plants against oxidative stress. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that most DEGs (107) were related to carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, altered activities of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP, 15 DEGs) for nucleotide sugars, pectin methylesterase (PME, 7 DEGs) for pectin, and POD (13 DEGs) for lignin were important factors in the response of the trees to inversion, and these enzymes are all involved cell wall metabolism.

scholarly journals High-CO2 Treatment Prolongs the Postharvest Shelf Life of Strawberry Fruits by Reducing Decay and Cell Wall Degradation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1649
Author(s):  
Hyang-Lan Eum ◽  
Seung-Hyun Han ◽  
Eun-Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Pectate Lyase ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Co2 Treatment

Improved methods are needed to extend the shelf life of strawberry fruits. The objective of this study was to determine the postharvest physiological mechanism of high-CO2 treatment in strawberries. Harvested strawberries were stored at 10 °C after 3 h of exposure to a treatment with 30% CO2 or air. Pectin and gene expression levels related to cell wall degradation were measured to assess the high-CO2 effects on the cell wall and lipid metabolism. Strawberries subjected to high-CO2 treatment presented higher pectin content and firmness and lower decay than those of control fruits. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and pectate lyase) were downregulated after high-CO2 treatment. High-CO2 induced the expression of oligogalacturonides, thereby conferring defense against Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruits, and lowering the decay incidence at seven days after its inoculation. Our findings suggest that high-CO2 treatment can maintain strawberry quality by reducing decay and cell wall degradation.

Cell wall metabolism during durian fruit dehiscence

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Khurnpoon ◽  
J. Siriphanich ◽  
J.M. Labavitch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Fruit Dehiscence

scholarly journals Pectin methylesterase, metal ions and plant cell-wall extension. Hydrolysis of pectin by plant cell-wall pectin methylesterase

1991 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Nari ◽  
G Noat ◽  
J Ricard
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Enzyme Molecules ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate catalysed by pectin methylesterase is competitively inhibited by pectin and does not require metal ions to occur. The results suggest that the activastion by metal ions may be explained by assuming that they interact with the substrate rather than with the enzyme. With pectin used as substrate, metal ions are required in order to allow the hydrolysis to occur in the presence of pectin methylesterase. This is explained by the existence of ‘blocks’ of carboxy groups on pectin that may trap enzyme molecules and thus prevent the enzyme reaction occurring. Metal ions may interact with these negatively charged groups, thus allowing the enzyme to interact with the ester bonds to be cleaved. At high concentrations, however, metal ions inhibit the enzyme reaction. This is again understandable on the basis of the view that some carboxy groups must be adjacent to the ester bond to be cleaved in order to allow the reaction to proceed. Indeed, if these groups are blocked by metal ions, the enzyme reaction cannot occur, and this is the reason for the apparent inhibition of the reaction by high concentrations of metal ions. Methylene Blue, which may be bound to pectin, may replace metal ions in the ‘activation’ and ‘inhibition’ of the enzyme reaction. A kinetic model based on these results has been proposed and fits the kinetic data very well. All the available results favour the view that metal ions do not affect the reaction through a direct interaction with enzyme, but rather with pectin.

scholarly journals Synergism of imipenem with fosfomycin associated with the active cell wall recycling and heteroresistance in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uthaibhorn Singkham-in ◽  
Tanittha Chatsuwan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Active Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Type Form ◽  
Wild Type Form ◽  
Cell Wall Recycling

AbstractThe carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii (ACB) complex has become an urgent threat worldwide. Here, we determined antibiotic combinations and the feasible synergistic mechanisms against three couples of ACB (A. baumannii (AB250 and A10), A. pittii (AP1 and AP23), and A. nosocomialis (AN4 and AN12)). Imipenem with fosfomycin, the most effective in the time-killing assay, exhibited synergism to all strains except AB250. MurA, a fosfomycin target encoding the first enzyme in the de novo cell wall synthesis, was observed with the wild-type form in all isolates. Fosfomycin did not upregulate murA, indicating the MurA-independent pathway (cell wall recycling) presenting in all strains. Fosfomycin more upregulated the recycling route in synergistic strain (A10) than non-synergistic strain (AB250). Imipenem in the combination dramatically downregulated the recycling route in A10 but not in AB250, demonstrating the additional effect of imipenem on the recycling route, possibly resulting in synergism by the agitation of cell wall metabolism. Moreover, heteroresistance to imipenem was observed in only AB250. Our results indicate that unexpected activity of imipenem on the active cell wall recycling concurrently with the presence of heteroresistance subpopulation to imipenem may lead to the synergism of imipenem and fosfomycin against the ACB isolates.

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