Evidence for a humid interval at ∼56–44 ka in the Levant and its potential link to modern humans dispersal out of Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafna Langgut ◽  
Ahuva Almogi-Labin ◽  
Miryam Bar-Matthews ◽  
Nadine Pickarski ◽  
Mina Weinstein-Evron
Keyword(s):  
Modern Humans ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Out Of Africa

scholarly journals Revisiting the Out of Africa event with a novel Deep Learning approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Montinaro ◽  
Vasili Pankratov ◽  
Burak Yelmen ◽  
Luca Pagani ◽  
Mayukh Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Sequential Monte Carlo ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
Back To Africa

AbstractAnatomically modern humans evolved around 300 thousand years ago in Africa1. Modern humans started to appear in the fossil record outside of Africa about 100 thousand years ago though other hominins existed throughout Eurasia much earlier2–4. Recently, several researchers argued in favour of a single out of Africa event for modern humans based on whole-genome sequences analyses5–7. However, the single out of Africa model is in contrast with some of the findings from fossil records, which supports two out of Africa8,9, and uniparental data, which proposes back to Africa movement10,11. Here, we used a novel deep learning approach coupled with Approximate Bayesian Computation and Sequential Monte Carlo to revisit these hypotheses from the whole genome sequence perspective. Our results support the back to Africa model over other alternatives. We estimated that there are two successive splits between Africa and out of African populations happening around 60-80 thousand years ago and separated by 12-13 thousand years. One of the populations resulting from the more recent split has to a large extent replaced the older West African population while the other one has founded the out of Africa populations.

scholarly journals Arguments that Prehistorical and Modern Humans Belong to the Same Species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kühne
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
Out Of Africa

I argue that the evidence of the Out-of-Africa hypothesis and the evidence of multiregional evolution of prehistorical humans can be understood if there has been interbreeding between Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens at least during the preceding 700,000 years. These interbreedings require descendants who are capable of reproduction and therefore parents who belong to the same species. I suggest that a number of prehistorical humans who are at present regarded as belonging to different species belong in fact to one single species.  

The Archaeology of Archaic and Early ModernHomo Sapiens: An African Perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Allsworth-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Middle Stone Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
African Perspective ◽  
Out Of Africa

Whereas in Europe the transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the replacement of Neanderthal by anatomically modern humans appear to be synchronous events, in Africa this is not the case. Neanderthals as such were not present in Africa, and if the ‘Out of Africa’ model is correct, the ancestors of anatomically modern humans must have made their appearance in a Middle Stone Age context before 100,000 years ago. Subsequently, it seems that they coexisted with Neanderthals for up to 70,000 years in the Near East. If a direct biological correlation can be ruled out, the question arises: what was the impetus for an Upper Palaeolithic ‘revolution’ and why should it have taken place at all?

Late Pleistocene palaeolake in the interior of Oman: a potential key area for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out-of-Africa?

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rosenberg ◽  
Frank Preusser ◽  
Ingo Blechschmidt ◽  
Dominik Fleitmann ◽  
Reto Jagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa

scholarly journals The unidirectional phylogeny of Homo sapiens anchors the origin of modern humans in Eurasia

Hereditas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Úlfur Árnason
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Maternal Inheritance ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Origin Of Modern Humans ◽  
The Common ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Mtdna Introgression

Abstract Background The Out of Africa hypothesis, OOAH, was challenged recently in an extended mtDNA analysis, PPA (Progressive Phylogenetic Analysis), that identified the African human populations as paraphyletic, a finding that contradicted the common OOAH understanding that Hss had originated in Africa and invaded Eurasia from there. The results were consistent with the molecular Out of Eurasia hypothesis, OOEH, and Eurasian palaeontology, a subject that has been largely disregarded in the discussion of OOAH. Results In the present study the mtDNA tree, a phylogeny based on maternal inheritance, was compared to the nuclear DNA tree of the paternally transmitted Y-chromosome haplotypes, Y-DNAs. The comparison showed full phylogenetic coherence between these two separate sets of data. The results were consistent with potentially four translocations of modern humans from Eurasia into Africa, the earliest taking place ≈ 250,000 years before present, YBP. The results were in accordance with the postulates behind OOEH at the same time as they lent no support to the OOAH. Conclusions The conformity between the mtDNA and Y-DNA phylogenies of Hss is consistent with the understanding that Eurasia was the donor and not the receiver in human evolution. The evolutionary problems related to OOAH became similarly exposed by the mtDNA introgression that took place from Hss into Neanderthals ≈ 500,000 YBP, a circumstance that demonstrated the early coexistence of the two lineages in Eurasia.

scholarly journals Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Marrero ◽  
Khaled K. Abu-Amero ◽  
Jose M Larruga ◽  
Vicente M Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Phylogeographic Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa

ABSTRACTObjetivesWe suggest that the phylogeny and phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup M in Eurasia and Australasia is better explained supposing an out of Africa of modern humans following a northern route across the Levant than the most prevalent southern coastal route across Arabia and India proposed by others.MethodsA total 206 Saudi samples belonging to macrohaplogroup M have been analyzed. In addition, 4107 published complete or nearly complete Eurasian and Australasian mtDNA genomes ascribed to the same macrohaplogroup have been included in a global phylogeographic analysis.ResultsMacrohaplogroup M has only historical implantation in West Eurasia including the Arabian Peninsula. Founder ages of M lineages in India are significantly younger than those in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Near Oceania. These results point to a colonization of the Indian subcontinent by modern humans carrying M lineages from the east instead the west side.ConclusionsThe existence of a northern route previously advanced by the phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup N is confirmed here by that of macrohaplogroup M. Taking this genetic evidence and those reported by other disciplines we have constructed a new and more conciliatory model to explain the history of modern humans out of Africa.

scholarly journals Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basic lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente M. Cabrera ◽  
Patricia Marrero ◽  
Khaled K. Abu-Amero ◽  
Jose M. Larruga
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Southern Route

ABSTRACTBackgroundAfter three decades of mtDNA studies on human evolution the only incontrovertible main result is the African origin of all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has been relentlessly imposed to explain the Eurasian colonization of these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African lineages originated, that out-of-Africa event has been dated around 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion. Consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as basic L3 lineages around 70 kya.ResultsThe coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African L3 lineages, both around 71 kya, are not significantly different. The oldest M and N Eurasian clades are found in southeastern Asia instead near of Africa as expected by the southern route hypothesis. The split of the Y-chromosome composite DE haplogroup is very similar to the age of mtDNA L3. A Eurasian origin and back migration to Africa has been proposed for the African Y-chromosome haplogroup E. Inside Africa, frequency distributions of maternal L3 and paternal E lineages are positively correlated. This correlation is not fully explained by geographic or ethnic affinities. It seems better to be the result of a joint and global replacement of the old autochthonous male and female African lineages by the new Eurasian incomers.ConclusionsThese results are congruent with a model proposing an out-of-Africa of early anatomically modern humans around 125 kya. A return to Africa of Eurasian fully modern humans around 70 kya, and a second Eurasian global expansion by 60 kya. Climatic conditions and the presence of Neanderthals played key roles in these human movements.

scholarly journals RNA viruses drove adaptive introgressions between Neanderthals and modern humans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Enard ◽  
Dmitri A Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Out Of Africa

AbstractNeanderthals and modern humans came in contact with each other and interbred at least twice in the past 100,000 years. Such contact and interbreeding likely led both to the transmission of viruses novel to either species and to the exchange of adaptive alleles that provided resistance against the same viruses. Here, we show that viruses were responsible for dozens of adaptive introgressions between Neanderthals and modern humans. We identify RNA viruses—specifically lentiviruses and orthomyxoviruses—as likely drivers of introgressions from Neanderthals to Europeans. Our results imply that many introgressions between Neanderthals and modern humans were adaptive, and that host genetic variation can be used to understand ancient viral epidemics, potentially providing important insights regarding current and future epidemics.One Sentence SummaryOnce out of Africa, modern humans inherited from Neanderthals dozens of genes already adapted against viruses present in their new environment.

scholarly journals Out of Africa by spontaneous migration waves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Bons ◽  
Catherine C. Bauer ◽  
Hervé Bocherens ◽  
Tamara de Riese ◽  
Dorothée G. Drucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Large Wave ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
And Migration

AbstractHominin evolution is characterized by progressive regional differentiation, as well as migration waves, leading to anatomically modern humans that are assumed to have emerged in Africa and spread over the whole world. Why or whether Africa was the source region of modern humans and what caused their spread remains subject of ongoing debate. We present a spatially explicit, stochastic numerical model that includes ongoing mutations, demic diffusion, assortative mating and migration waves. Diffusion and assortative mating alone result in a structured population with relatively homogeneous regions bound by sharp clines. The addition of migration waves results in a power-law distribution of wave areas: for every large wave, many more small waves are expected to occur. This suggests that one or more out-of-Africa migrations would probably have been accompanied by numerous smaller migration waves across the world. The migration waves are considered “spontaneous”, as the current model excludes environmental or other factors. Large waves preferentially emanate from the central areas of large, compact inhabited areas. During the Pleistocene, Africa was the largest such area most of the time, making Africa the statistically most likely origin of anatomically modern humans, without a need to invoke additional environmental or ecological drivers.

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