scholarly journals Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Marrero ◽  
Khaled K. Abu-Amero ◽  
Jose M Larruga ◽  
Vicente M Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Phylogeographic Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa

ABSTRACTObjetivesWe suggest that the phylogeny and phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup M in Eurasia and Australasia is better explained supposing an out of Africa of modern humans following a northern route across the Levant than the most prevalent southern coastal route across Arabia and India proposed by others.MethodsA total 206 Saudi samples belonging to macrohaplogroup M have been analyzed. In addition, 4107 published complete or nearly complete Eurasian and Australasian mtDNA genomes ascribed to the same macrohaplogroup have been included in a global phylogeographic analysis.ResultsMacrohaplogroup M has only historical implantation in West Eurasia including the Arabian Peninsula. Founder ages of M lineages in India are significantly younger than those in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Near Oceania. These results point to a colonization of the Indian subcontinent by modern humans carrying M lineages from the east instead the west side.ConclusionsThe existence of a northern route previously advanced by the phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup N is confirmed here by that of macrohaplogroup M. Taking this genetic evidence and those reported by other disciplines we have constructed a new and more conciliatory model to explain the history of modern humans out of Africa.

The Outfit

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Illegal Gambling ◽  
Enforcement Action ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Narcotic Trafficking ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the activities of organized crime in Chicago after 1950, with particular emphasis on the Chicago Outfit. It begins with a discussion of the Outfit's takeover of all illegal gambling in Chicago as well as its connection with Chicago mayor Ed Kelly and the political protection given to vice activities in Chicago. It then considers the often confusing relationship between the Outfit and narcotic trafficking, along with the role that African Americans played in Outfit activities, including policy gambling and the distribution of heroin in the black community. It also reviews the history of the West Side Bloc, a group of elected public officials who supported the efforts of organized crime in Chicago, and how it contributed to the rise of racket subcultures in Chicago's “street crew” neighborhoods. The chapter concludes with an assessment of government efforts against organized crime, noting that one of the reasons for the existence of organized crime was the failure of local municipalities and the national government to take effective enforcement action against it.

scholarly journals Latar Belakang Pemikiran dan Kiprah Seyyed Hossein Nasr

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-146
Author(s):  
Titin Nurhidayati
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Society

Seyyed Hossein Nasr is one of the Muslims who has expertise in the field of Islamic studies that penetrates scientific barriers to explore Islam as an objective and honest study. His reputation as Professor in the study of the history of science and philosophy shows the depth and sharpness of his thinking. Seyyed Hossein Nasr gave many criticisms of the reality of modern humans today from various aspects. One focus of his criticism is the problem of the phenomenon of modern art which is developing rapidly to all parts of society, including Islamic society. Nasr is also one of the spokespersons of Islam in the West who has been persistent in voicing traditionalism ideas to fortify the flow of modernization that has damaged the joints of the noble traditions of society, especially Islam.

scholarly journals Counterbalancing the time-dependence effect on the Human Mitochondrial DNA Molecular Clock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
vicente M Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Time Dependent Effect

Abstract Background: The molecular clock is an important genetic tool for estimating evolutionary timescales. However, the detection of a time-dependent effect on substitution rate estimates complicates its application. It has been suggested that demographic processes could be the main cause of this confounding effect. In the present study, I propose a new algorithm for estimating the coalescent age of phylogenetically related sequences, taking into account the observed time-dependent effect on the molecular rate detected by others.Results: By applying this method to real human mitochondrial DNA trees with shallow and deep topologies, I obtained significantly older molecular ages for the main events of human evolution than were previously estimated. These ages are in close agreement with the most recent archaeological and paleontological records favoring the emergence of early anatomically modern humans in Africa 315 ± 34 thousand years ago (kya) and the presence of recent modern humans outside of Africa as early as 174 ± 48 thousand years ago. Furthermore, during the implementation process, I demonstrated that in a population with fluctuating sizes, the probability of fixation of a new neutral mutant depends on the effective population size, which is in better accordance with the fact that under the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the fate of a molecular mutation is mainly determined by random drift.Conclusions: I suggest that the demographic history of populations has a more decisive effect than purifying selection and/or mutational saturation on the time-dependent effect observed for the substitution rate, and I propose a new method that corrects for this effect.

A Skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its Parasites in Ontario

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 1082-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Present Author ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
First Report ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lake Simcoe ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extensive Damage

The European, or Essex skipper, Thymelicus (= Adopaea) lineola (Ochs.), was accidentally introduced into North America at London, Ontario, sometime before 1910 (Saunders, 1916). The history of its subsequent spread through southern Ontario and adjoining parts of Michigan and Ohio was reviewed by Pengelly (1961), who received the first report of extensive damage to hay and pasture crops by this insect in Ontario from the Markdale area of Grey County in 1956. A survey in 1958 (Pengelly, 1961) showed that the skipper “appeared to be present throughout the southern part of the province except for the Bruce peninsula and possibly the Windsor area. The northeasterly boundary appeared to he along a line from Midland, south around the west side of Lake Simcoe, east to Lindsay and south to Whitby.” The present author collected T. lineola larvae from the Belleville area for the first time in 1959.

VIII.—On some Fossiliferous Keuper Rocks at Bromsgrove (Worcestershire)

1907 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Wills
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
History Of

The counties of Warwick and Worcester have yielded the majority of Keuper fossils recorded from England. The history of their discovery commenced about seventy years ago with a paper by Murchison and Strickland, where there is a description of the area. They distinguished two divisions, the lower of which they identified as Bunter, chiefly on the evidence of a plant, Echinostdchys oblovgus, Brongn. This division was found to be, for the most part, composed of sandstones, and contained in Worcestershire plant remains and in Warwickshire bones and teeth. The localities where fossils were found were Ombersley, Hadley, Elmley Lovett, all on the west side of the Droitwich basin, Bromsgrove on the east of it, and in the Warwick district.

Population history of the Red Sea-genetic exchanges between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa signaled in the mitochondrial DNA HV1 haplogroup

2011 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliška Musilová ◽  
Verónica Fernandes ◽  
Nuno M. Silva ◽  
Pedro Soares ◽  
Farida Alshamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Population History ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Counterbalancing the time-dependence effect on the Human Mitochondrial DNA Molecular Clock

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
vicente M Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Time Dependency ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Dna

Abstract Background The molecular clock is the most important genetic tool to estimate evolutionary timescales. However, the detection of a time dependency effect on the mutation rate estimates is complicating its application. It has been suggested that demographic processes could be the main cause of this confounding effect. In the present study I propose a new algorithm to estimate the coalescent age of phylogenetically related sequences, taking into account the observed time dependency effect on the molecular rate detected by others.Results Applying this method to real human mitochondrial DNA trees, with shallow and deep topologies, I have obtained significantly older molecular ages for the main events of human evolution than in previous estimates. These ages are in close agreement with the most recent archaeological and paleontological records that are in favor of an emergence of early anatomically modern humans in Africa at 315 ± 34 thousand years ago and the presence of recent modern humans out of Africa as early as 174 ± 48 thousand years ago. Furthermore, in the implementation process, we demonstrated that in a population with fluctuating sizes, the probability of fixation of a new neutral mutant depends on the effective population size which is more in accordance with the fact that, under the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the fate of a molecular mutation is mainly determined by random drift.Conclusions I suggest that the demographic history of populations has a more decisive effect than purifying selection and/or mutational saturation on the time dependence effect observed for the substitution rate.

scholarly journals Counterbalancing the time-dependence effect on the Human Mitochondrial DNA Molecular Clock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente M Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Time Dependency ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Random Drift ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Dna

Abstract Background: The molecular clock is an important genetic tool to estimate evolutionary timescales. However, the detection of a time dependency effect on the substitution rate estimates is complicating its application. It has been suggested that demographic processes could be the main cause of this confounding effect. In the present study I propose a new algorithm to estimate the coalescent age of phylogenetically related sequences, taking into account the observed time dependency effect on the molecular rate detected by others. Results: Applying this method to real human mitochondrial DNA trees, with shallow and deep topologies, I have obtained significantly older molecular ages for the main events of human evolution than in previous estimates. These ages are in close agreement with the most recent archaeological and paleontological records that are in favor of an emergence of early anatomically modern humans in Africa at 315 ± 34 thousand years ago and the presence of recent modern humans out of Africa as early as 174 ± 48 thousand years ago. Furthermore, in the implementation process, we demonstrated that in a population with fluctuating sizes, the probability of fixation of a new neutral mutant depends on the effective population size which is more in accordance with the fact that, under the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the fate of a molecular mutation is mainly determined by random drift. Conclusions: I suggest that the demographic history of populations has a more decisive effect than purifying selection and/or mutational saturation on the time dependence effect observed for the substitution rate and propose a new method that corrects for this effect.

scholarly journals Perkembangan Islam Arab Saudi

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-441
Author(s):  
Imam Wahyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Main Influence

The kingdom of al-Sa'ūdiyah actually existed since 1446. However, as a strong dynasty and established the Saudi Arabia state is since the era of Abd. Aziz ibn Abd. Rahman al-Sa'ud (Ibn Saud) with the spirit of Wahhabism and British aid. Officially in 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia became an Islamic state with a monarchic system under King Ibn Saud. This paper will discuss the history of Islamic development in Saudi Arabia which is now as an Islamic State. Saudi Arabia is now dominated by the kingdom of al-Sa'ūdiyah which is influenced by Wahabiyah religious beliefs. From the beginning of the nineteenth century the Wahabiyah movement received support from Muhammad Ibn Sa'ud. They began expansion which culminated in the conquest of most of the Arabian peninsula and made social, religious and political set agendas in Saudi Arabia. Wahabiyah continues to expand and exist in Saudi Arabia, especially in the mid-19th to the 20th century, and its development pattern is based on top down. Thus, the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia can not be separated from Wahabiyah influence. In the midst of social change, Saudi authorities continue to maintain Wahabiyah as a royal religious ideology. In fact, Wahabiyah ulama also play a role in giving religious approval to the policies of the royal government. However, other factors that also make Islam flourish in Saudi Arabia are the historic impact as the main influence of Muslims since the Prophet era and Saudi Arabia's strategic position for various information reforms in the Islamic world as it controls Mecca and Medina as the sacred city (Haramain). On the other hand, the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia can also be seen in terms of Islamic politics played by the royal government and its foreign political economy which is deemed to be close to the Brtish, US or the West in the Middle East, preferably in the Israel and Palestinian conflict

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