293 Different impacts of saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids on lipid synthesis and inflammatory response in sebocytes in culture

1. Three kinds of lipid bodies have been described in the oogenesis of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (i) L1 bodies, present in the earliest oocyte, which persist till the oocyte measures approximately mm and contain phoapholipids only, possibly having more lecithint than cephalins; (ii) L2bodies, which first arise in the oocyte measuring 0.4 mm and have a complete or incomplete sheath of phoapholipida surrounding a medulla of triglycerides (rather highly saturated); (iii) L3 bodies, which are the only type of lipids present in the oocytea measuring more than 0.65 mm and consist of triglycerides only (rather highly saturated). 2. Some of the larger L3 bodies give a ‘ringed’ or ‘crescentic’ appearance in Sudan black when used at room temperatures (12° C to 40° C) but appear mostly solid when this colouring agent is used at 6o° C. 3. Mitochondria, which remain as fine granules throughout the course of oogenesis, contain proteins and phospholipids. They seem to have some lipids which are masked normally but are unmasked after acetone extraction, with a resulting increase in sudanophilia. 4. Yolk globules appear in the oocytes meaauring approximately 0.5 mm. They contain a protein-carbohydrate complex. 5.The bacterioid objects described by earlier workers have been shown to contain phospholipids and free fatty acids. They possibly play an active role in the lipid synthesis of the cell.

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Circulating Free Fatty Acids do not Contribute to the Acute Systemic Inflammatory Response. An Experimental Study in Porcine Endotoxaemia

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology ◽

10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00448.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 319-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mads Buhl ◽

Jakob Gjedsted ◽

Asger Granfeldt ◽

Pernille Ø. Larsen ◽

Michelle Chew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Study ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Systemic Inflammatory Response

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Energy Metabolism Changes and Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124556 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4556

Author(s):

Seong-Hee Ko ◽

YunJae Jung

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Atp Production ◽

Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase

Aging women experience hormonal changes, such as decreased estrogen and increased circulating androgen, due to natural or surgical menopause. These hormonal changes make postmenopausal women vulnerable to body composition changes, muscle loss, and abdominal obesity; with a sedentary lifestyle, these changes affect overall energy expenditure and basal metabolic rate. In addition, fat redistribution due to hormonal changes leads to changes in body shape. In particular, increased bone marrow-derived adipocytes due to estrogen loss contribute to increased visceral fat in postmenopausal women. Enhanced visceral fat lipolysis by adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase triggers the production of excessive free fatty acids, causing insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. Because genes involved in β-oxidation are downregulated by estradiol loss, excess free fatty acids produced by lipolysis of visceral fat cannot be used appropriately as an energy source through β-oxidation. Moreover, aged women show increased adipogenesis due to upregulated expression of genes related to fat accumulation. As a result, the catabolism of ATP production associated with β-oxidation decreases, and metabolism associated with lipid synthesis increases. This review describes the changes in energy metabolism and lipid metabolic abnormalities that are the background of weight gain in postmenopausal women.

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The Protective Effect of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Extracts Against Obesity and Inflammation by Regulating Free Fatty Acids Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2507 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wenyu Zhao ◽

Fanfen Song ◽

Diangeng Hu ◽

Haiqin Chen ◽

Qixiao Zhai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

High Fat ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Myristica Fragrans Houtt

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder characterized by the excess accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes. It is commonly associated with severe obesity and inflammation. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are the key to regulate lipid metabolism and immune response in hepatocyte cells. This study examined the effects of AEN (alcohol extract of nutmeg, the seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt.) on the inhibition of lipid synthesis and inflammation in vitro and in vivo and on high-fat diet-induced obesity in NAFLD mice. Our results showed that AEN treatment could downregulate the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and lower the lipid content of cells. AEN also inhibited FFAs-mediated inflammation-related cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression in cells. In a mouse model, AEN reduced the bodyweight of obese mice and improved NAFLD without affecting food intake. Further analysis revealed that AEN significantly reduced inflammation level, cholesterol and lipid accumulation, blood glucose, and other liver function indexes in mice fed with a high-fat diet. In conclusion, AEN inhibited the aggravation of obesity and inflammation by downregulating lipid-gene expression in the liver to ameliorate NAFLD.

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GW28-e0120 X-box binding protein 1 protects 3T3-L1 adipocytes from free fatty acids induced pro-inflammatory response

Journal of the American College of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (16) ◽

pp. C2-C3

Author(s):

Min Wang ◽

Yesheng Ling ◽

Shujie Yu ◽

Zhenda Zheng ◽

Bin Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Binding Protein

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The ability of bovine mammary tissue to synthesize lipids for 96 h when cocultured with liver and adipose tissue

Biochemistry and Cell Biology ◽

10.1139/o92-053 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 343-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. E. Keys ◽

A. E. Fekry ◽

D. L. Wood ◽

A. V. Capuco

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Bovine Somatotropin ◽

Mammary Tissue ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

High Release ◽

Tissue Phospholipid ◽

The Media

Explants of bovine mammary, liver, and adipose tissues were cocultured in the same well for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h and their ability to synthesize lipids was measured by the incorporation of [14C]acetate into triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids. The model was developed to study the effect of bovine somatotropin on lipid synthesis in mammary tissue, because somatotropin will not affect mammary tissue unless liver tissue is present. Somatotropin reduced incorporation by mammary tissue relative to the control. However, the rate of incorporation remained constant through 96 h with somatotropin, but steadily decreased in control mammary tissue. Phospholipid release into the media increased dramatically from 2% of that synthesized during the first 24 h to 218% of that synthesized from 72 to 96 h. The high release of phospholipids after 24 h suggests that cellular breakdown was occurring. A 24-h incubation is recommended to study lipid synthesis with this system.Key words: bovine somatotropin, lipid synthesis, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids.

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Nonesterified free fatty acids enhance the inflammatory response in renal tubules by inducing extracellular ATP release

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00098.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 319 (2) ◽

pp. F292-F303

Author(s):

Hong Sun ◽

Zilin Sun ◽

Zac Varghese ◽

Yinfeng Guo ◽

John F. Moorhead ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

P2x7 Receptor ◽

Atp Release ◽

Extracellular Atp ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Tubular Cells ◽

Purinergic P2x7 Receptor

In proteinuric renal diseases, excessive plasma nonesterified free fatty acids bound to albumin can leak across damaged glomeruli to be reabsorbed by renal proximal tubular cells and cause inflammatory tubular cells damage by as yet unknown mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate these mechanisms induced by palmitic acid (PA; one of the nonesterified free fatty acids) overload. Our results show that excess PA stimulates ATP release through the pannexin 1 channel in human renal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2), increasing extracellular ATP concentration approximately threefold compared with control. The ATP release is dependent on caspase-3/7 activation induced by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, extracellular ATP aggravates PA-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion and monocyte infiltration of tubular cells, enlarging the inflammatory response in both macrophages and HK-2 cells via the purinergic P2X7 receptor-mammalian target of rapamycin-forkhead box O1-thioredoxin-interacting protein/NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome pathway. Hence, PA increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-induced ATP release and inflammatory stress, which cause a “first hit,” while ATP itself is a “second hit” in amplifying the renal tubular inflammatory response. Thus, inhibition of ATP release or the purinergic P2X7 receptor may be an approach to reduce renal inflammation and improve renal function.

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