scholarly journals Openness to Experience, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence in middle-aged and old adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Zimprich ◽  
Mathias Allemand ◽  
Myriam Dellenbach
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

scholarly journals Evaluating the genetic effects of sex hormone traits on the development of mental traits: a polygenic score analysis and gene-environment-wide interaction study in UK Biobank cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liang ◽  
ShiQiang Cheng ◽  
Jing Ye ◽  
XiaoMeng Chu ◽  
Yan Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Interaction Study ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Bioavailable Testosterone ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Abstract Objective To evaluate the genetic effects of sex hormone traits on the development of mental traits in middle-aged adults. Methods The SNPs associated with sex hormone traits were derived from a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS). Four sex hormone traits were selected in the current study, including sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and estradiol. The polygenic risk score (PRS) of sex hormone traits were calculated from individual-level genotype data of the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank cohort. We then used logistic and linear regression models to assess the associations between individual PRS of sex hormone traits and the frequency of alcohol consumption, anxiety, intelligence and so on. Finally, gene-environment-wide interaction study (GEWIS) was performed to detect novel candidate genes interacting with the sex hormone traits on the development of fluid intelligence and the frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption by PLINK2.0. Results We observed positive association between SHBG and the frequency of alcohol consumption (b = 0.0101, p = 3.84 × 10–11) in middle-aged males and females. In addition, estradiol was positively associated with the frequency of alcohol consumption (b = 0.0128, p = 1.96 × 10–8) in middle-aged males. Moreover, bioavailable testosterone was associated with the fluid intelligence (b = − 0.0136, p = 5.74 × 10–5) in middle-aged females. Finally, GEWIS identified one significant loci, Tenascin R (TNR) (rs34633780, p = 3.45 × 10–8) interacting with total testosterone for fluid intelligence. Conclusion Our study results support the genetic effects of sex hormone traits on the development of intelligence and the frequency of alcohol consumption in middle-aged adults in UK.

scholarly journals When Figurative Language Goes off the Rails and under the Bus: Fluid Intelligence, Openness to Experience, and the Production of Poor Metaphors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Paul J. Silvia ◽  
Roger E. Beaty
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Basic Task ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Dead Metaphor ◽  
Metaphor Production

The present research examined the varieties of poor metaphors to gain insight into the cognitive processes involved in generating creative ones. Drawing upon data from two published studies as well as a new sample, adults’ open-ended responses to different metaphor prompts were categorized. Poor metaphors fell into two broad clusters. Non-metaphors—responses that failed to meet the basic task requirements—consisted of “adjective slips” (describing the topic adjectivally instead of figuratively), “wayward attributes” (attributing the wrong property to the topic), and “off-topic idioms” (describing the wrong topic). Bad metaphors—real metaphors that were unanimously judged as uncreative—consisted of “exemplary exemplars” (vehicles that lacked semantic distance and thus seemed trite) and “retrieved clichés” (pulling a dead metaphor from memory). Overall, people higher in fluid intelligence (Gf) were more likely to generate a real metaphor, and their metaphor was less likely to be a bad one. People higher in Openness to Experience, in contrast, were more likely to generate real metaphors but not more or less likely to generate bad ones. Scraping the bottom of the response barrel suggests that creative metaphor production is a particularly complex form of creative thought.

General fluid-type intelligence is related to indices of white matter structure in middle-aged and old adults

NeuroImage ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 372-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Haász ◽  
Erling T. Westlye ◽  
Sveinung Fjær ◽  
Thomas Espeseth ◽  
Arvid Lundervold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Fluid Type ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Old Adults

Concrete and Formal Operational thought Processes in Young Adulthood and Old Age

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Clayton ◽  
Willis F. Overton
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Concrete Operational ◽  
Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence

A study was conducted to examine the role of concrete and formal operations in a young and old population. In addition, the present study explored the relation between operational thought and Cattell's concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence, as well as the role of differential living arrangements in maintaining operational thought. Eighty females from three age groups (18–20 years, 60–70 years and 70–80 years of age) were tested on a series of Piagetian tasks and indices of fluid and crystallized intelligence. The findings supported the notion that age-related performance differences occur in the area of formal operational thought prior to the time they occur in concrete operational thought. Except for the young sample, the operational tasks were found to be unrelated to fluid intelligence at the age levels represented in this study. Living independently as opposed to living in an old age home did not appear to be a significant factor in maintaining operational thought. Discussion focused on the necessity of identifying those factors which influence the developmental course of formal operational thought across the life span.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive reorganization between crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence and white matter microstructure in two age-heterogeneous developmental cohorts

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 100743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan L. Simpson-Kent ◽  
Delia Fuhrmann ◽  
Joe Bathelt ◽  
Jascha Achterberg ◽  
Gesa Sophia Borgeest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
White Matter Microstructure

scholarly journals The Neural Architecture of General Knowledge

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhan Genç ◽  
Christoph Fraenz ◽  
Caroline Schlüter ◽  
Patrick Friedrich ◽  
Manuel C. Voelkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Brain Network Connectivity

Cognitive performance varies widely between individuals and is highly influenced by structural and functional properties of the brain. In the past, neuroscientific research was principally concerned with fluid intelligence, while neglecting its equally important counterpart crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence is defined as the depth and breadth of knowledge and skills that are valued by one's culture. The accumulation of crystallized intelligence is guided by information storage capacities and is likely to be reflected in an individual's level of general knowledge. In spite of the significant role general knowledge plays for everyday life, its neural foundation largely remains unknown. In a large sample of 324 healthy individuals, we used standard magnetic resonance imaging along with functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to examine different estimates of brain volume and brain network connectivity and assessed their predictive power with regard to both general knowledge and fluid intelligence. Our results demonstrate that an individual's level of general knowledge is associated with structural brain network connectivity beyond any confounding effects exerted by age or sex. Moreover, we found fluid intelligence to be best predicted by cortex volume in male subjects and functional network connectivity in female subjects. Combined, these findings potentially indicate different neural architectures for information storage and information processing. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology

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