Ground reaction forces in shallow water running are affected by immersion level, running speed and gender

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Haupenthal ◽  
Heiliane de Brito Fontana ◽  
Caroline Ruschel ◽  
Daniela Pacheco dos Santos ◽  
Helio Roesler
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Level Running

scholarly journals Compensatory Ground Reaction Forces during Scoliotic Gait in Subjects with and without Right Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2372
Author(s):  
Paul S. Sung ◽  
Moon Soo Park
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Cobb Angle ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
And Gender

Although the asymmetries of scoliotic gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) groups have been extensively studied, recent studies indicated conflicting results regarding the ground reaction forces (GRFs) during gait in subjects with spinal deformity. The asymmetry during the stance phase might be clarified with three-dimensional (3D) compensations of GRFs between similar characteristics of subjects with and without AIS. The purpose of this study was to compare the normalized 3D GRF differences during the stance phase of gait while considering age, BMI, and Cobb angle between subjects with and without right AIS. There were 23 subjects with right convexity of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis and 22 age- and gender-matched control subjects. All subjects were right upper/lower limb dominant, and the outcome measures included the Cobb angles, normalized GRF, and KAI. The mediolateral (M/L) third peak force on the dominant limb decreased in the AIS group (t = 2.58, p = 0.01). Both groups demonstrated a significant interaction with the 3D indices (F = 5.41, p = 0.02). The post-hoc analysis identified that the M/L plane of asymmetry was significantly different between groups. The Cobb angles were negatively correlated with the vertical asymmetry index (r = −0.45, p = 0.03); however, there was no significant correlation with age (r = −0.10, p = 0.65) or body mass index (r = −0.28, p = 0.20). The AIS group demonstrated decreased GRF in the dominant limb M/L plane of the terminal stance phase. This compensatory motion was confirmed by a significant group difference on the M/L plane of the KAI. This KAI of vertical asymmetry correlated negatively with the Cobb angle. The asymmetric load transmission with compensatory vertical reactions was evident due to abnormal loading in the stance phase. These kinetic compensatory patterns need to be considered with asymmetry on the dominant limb when developing rehabilitation strategies for patients with AIS.

scholarly journals How do prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations?

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (131) ◽  
pp. 20170230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen N. Beck ◽  
Paolo Taboga ◽  
Alena M. Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Leg Stiffness ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Distance Running Performance

Limited available information describes how running-specific prostheses and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations. Accordingly, we quantified the effects of prosthetic stiffness, height and speed on the biomechanics of five athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations during treadmill running. Each athlete performed a set of running trials with 15 different prosthetic model, stiffness and height combinations. Each set of trials began with the athlete running on a force-measuring treadmill at 3 m s −1 , subsequent trials incremented by 1 m s −1 until they achieved their fastest attainable speed. We collected ground reaction forces (GRFs) during each trial. Prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed each affected biomechanics. Specifically, with stiffer prostheses, athletes exhibited greater peak and stance average vertical GRFs ( β = 0.03; p < 0.001), increased overall leg stiffness ( β = 0.21; p < 0.001), decreased ground contact time ( β = −0.07; p < 0.001) and increased step frequency ( β = 0.042; p < 0.001). Prosthetic height inversely associated with step frequency ( β = −0.021; p < 0.001). Running speed inversely associated with leg stiffness ( β = −0.58; p < 0.001). Moreover, at faster running speeds, the effect of prosthetic stiffness and height on biomechanics was mitigated and unchanged, respectively. Thus, prosthetic stiffness, but not height, likely influences distance running performance more than sprinting performance for athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations.

scholarly journals Running gait impulse asymmetries in below-knee amputees

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Prince ◽  
P. Allard ◽  
R. G. Therrien ◽  
B. J. McFadyen
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Gait Asymmetry ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Flexible Keel

In running, large gait asymmetry is expected due to the inability of the foot prosthesis to comply with the kinematic demands and produce a powerful plantarflexion moment. In this work, interlimb asymmetry in below-knee (BK) amputee running gait was assessed for one rigid and three flexible keel prostheses, using vertical and anteroposterior ground reaction forces and respective impulses. Nine BK amputees and 6 controls participated in this study. The running speed was monitored by two light sensitive detectors while the ground reaction forces were measured with a Kistler force plate. Between the prosthetic side and the sound limb the impulse indicator showed greater asymmetry than the force. Interlimb asymmetry was very much present in all types of prosthesis tested but is less pronounced in the flexible keel prostheses. In the latter, the asymmetry may be associated with the forcetime history modulation rather than its magnitude alone. Generally, the impulses better describe interlimb asymmetry and the forces allow a greater discrimination between prosthetic foot types.

scholarly journals Effects of Running on Sand vs. Stable Ground on Kinetics and Muscle Activities in Individuals With Over-Pronated Feet

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero ◽  
Nasrin Amirzadeh ◽  
Amir Fatollahi ◽  
Marefat Siahkouhian ◽  
Anderson S. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Reaction Forces

Background: In terms of physiological and biomechanical characteristics, over-pronation of the feet has been associated with distinct muscle recruitment patterns and ground reaction forces during running.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of running on sand vs. stable ground on ground-reaction-forces (GRFs) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of lower limb muscles in individuals with over-pronated feet (OPF) compared with healthy controls.Methods: Thirty-three OPF individuals and 33 controls ran at preferred speed and in randomized-order over level-ground and sand. A force-plate was embedded in an 18-m runway to collect GRFs. Muscle activities were recorded using an EMG-system. Data were adjusted for surface-related differences in running speed.Results: Running on sand resulted in lower speed compared with stable ground running (p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.83). Results demonstrated that running on sand produced higher tibialis anterior activity (p = 0.024; d = 0.28). Also, findings indicated larger loading rates (p = 0.004; d = 0.72) and greater vastus medialis (p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.89) and rectus femoris (p = 0.001; d = 0.61) activities in OPF individuals. Controls but not OPF showed significantly lower gluteus-medius activity (p = 0.022; d = 0.63) when running on sand.Conclusion: Running on sand resulted in lower running speed and higher tibialis anterior activity during the loading phase. This may indicate alterations in neuromuscular demands in the distal part of the lower limbs when running on sand. In OPF individuals, higher loading rates together with greater quadriceps activity may constitute a proximal compensatory mechanism for distal surface instability.

scholarly journals Effect of fatigue and gender on kinematics and ground reaction forces variables in recreational runners

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz ◽  
Juan V. Durá-Gil ◽  
Nicolás Palomares ◽  
Enrique Medina ◽  
Salvador Llana-Belloch
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Shock Attenuation ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Overall in terms of gender, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account. One possible reason for these differences in the injury rate and location might be the dissimilar running patterns between men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue and gender on the kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) parameters in recreational runners. Fifty-seven participants (28 males and 29 females) had kinematic and GRF variables measured while running at speed of 3.3 m s−1 before and after a fatigue test protocol. The fatigue protocol included (1) a running Course-Navette test, (2) running up and down a flight of stairs for 5 min, and (3) performance of alternating jumps on a step (five sets of 1 minute each with 30 resting seconds between the sets). Fatigue decreased dorsiflexion (14.24 ± 4.98° in pre-fatigue and 12.65 ± 6.21° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at foot strike phase in females, and plantar flexion (−19.23 ± 4.12° in pre-fatigue and −18.26 ± 5.31° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at toe-off phase in males. These changes led to a decreased loading rate (88.14 ± 25.82 BW/s in pre-fatigue and 83.97 ± 18.83 BW/s in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) and the impact peak in females (1.95 ± 0.31 BW in pre-fatigue and 1.90 ± 0.31 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05), and higher peak propulsive forces in males (−0.26 ± 0.04 BW in pre-fatigue and −0.27 ± 0.05 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) in the fatigue condition. It seems that better responses to impact under a fatigue condition are observed among women. Further studies should confirm whether these changes represent a strategy to optimize shock attenuation, prevent running injuries and improve running economy.

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Forces of Dressage Horses Performing the Piaffe

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Mary Clayton ◽  
Sarah Jane Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
High Coefficient ◽  
Reaction Forces

The piaffe is an artificial, diagonally coordinated movement performed in the highest levels of dressage competition. The ground reaction forces (GRFs) of horses performing the piaffe do not appear to have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe three-dimensional GRFs in ridden dressage horses performing the piaffe. In-ground force plates were used to capture fore and hindlimb GRF data from seven well-trained dressage horses. Peak vertical GRF was significantly higher in forelimbs than in the hindlimbs (7.39 ± 0.99 N/kg vs. 6.41 ± 0.64 N/kg; p < 0.001) with vertical impulse showing a trend toward higher forelimb values. Peak longitudinal forces were small with no difference in the magnitude of braking or propulsive forces between fore and hindlimbs. Peak transverse forces were similar in magnitude to longitudinal forces and were mostly directed medially in the hindlimbs. Both the intra- and inter-individual variability of longitudinal and transverse GRFs were high (coefficient of variation 25–68%). Compared with the other diagonal gaits of dressage horses, the vertical GRF somewhat shifted toward the hindlimbs. The high step-to-step variability of the horizontal GRF components is thought to reflect the challenge of balancing on one diagonal pair of limbs with no forward momentum.

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