scholarly journals Effect of fatigue and gender on kinematics and ground reaction forces variables in recreational runners

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz ◽  
Juan V. Durá-Gil ◽  
Nicolás Palomares ◽  
Enrique Medina ◽  
Salvador Llana-Belloch
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Shock Attenuation ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Overall in terms of gender, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account. One possible reason for these differences in the injury rate and location might be the dissimilar running patterns between men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue and gender on the kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) parameters in recreational runners. Fifty-seven participants (28 males and 29 females) had kinematic and GRF variables measured while running at speed of 3.3 m s−1 before and after a fatigue test protocol. The fatigue protocol included (1) a running Course-Navette test, (2) running up and down a flight of stairs for 5 min, and (3) performance of alternating jumps on a step (five sets of 1 minute each with 30 resting seconds between the sets). Fatigue decreased dorsiflexion (14.24 ± 4.98° in pre-fatigue and 12.65 ± 6.21° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at foot strike phase in females, and plantar flexion (−19.23 ± 4.12° in pre-fatigue and −18.26 ± 5.31° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at toe-off phase in males. These changes led to a decreased loading rate (88.14 ± 25.82 BW/s in pre-fatigue and 83.97 ± 18.83 BW/s in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) and the impact peak in females (1.95 ± 0.31 BW in pre-fatigue and 1.90 ± 0.31 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05), and higher peak propulsive forces in males (−0.26 ± 0.04 BW in pre-fatigue and −0.27 ± 0.05 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) in the fatigue condition. It seems that better responses to impact under a fatigue condition are observed among women. Further studies should confirm whether these changes represent a strategy to optimize shock attenuation, prevent running injuries and improve running economy.

Footwear and Elevated Heel Influence On Barbell Back Squat: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Michael Pangan ◽  
Matthew J Leineweber
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics ◽  
Full Body

Abstract The back squat is one of the most effective exercises in strengthening the muscles of the lower extremity. Understanding the impact of footwear has on the biomechanics is imperative for maximizing the exercise training potential, preventing injury, and rehabilitating from injury. This review focuses on how different types of footwear affect the full-body kinematics, joint loads, muscle activity, and ground reaction forces in athletes of varying experience performing the weighted back squat. The literature search was conducted using three databases, and fourteen full-text articles were ultimately included in the review. The majority of these studies demonstrated that the choice of footwear directly impacts kinematics and kinetics. Weightlifting shoes were shown to decrease trunk lean and generate more plantarflexion relative to running shoes and barefoot lifting. Elevating the heel through the use of external squat wedges is popular clinical exercise during rehabilitation and was shown to provide similar effects to WLS. Additional research with a broader array of populations, particularly novice and female weightlifters, should be conducted to generalize the research results to non-athlete populations. Further work is also needed to characterize the specific effects of sole stiffness and heel elevation height on squatting mechanics.

Ground reaction forces in shallow water running are affected by immersion level, running speed and gender

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Haupenthal ◽  
Heiliane de Brito Fontana ◽  
Caroline Ruschel ◽  
Daniela Pacheco dos Santos ◽  
Helio Roesler
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Level Running

Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Impact Intensity Under the Foot Relates to Initial Foot Contact Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastiaan Breine ◽  
Philippe Malcolm ◽  
Veerle Segers ◽  
Joeri Gerlo ◽  
Rud Derie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Contact Pattern ◽  
Intensity Measure ◽  
Foot Kinematics ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
The Impact

In running, foot contact patterns (rear-, mid-, or forefoot contact) influence impact intensity and initial ankle and foot kinematics. The aim of the study was to compare impact intensity and its spatial distribution under the foot between different foot contact patterns. Forty-nine subjects ran at 3.2 m·s−1 over a level runway while ground reaction forces (GRF) and shoe-surface pressures were recorded and foot contact pattern was determined. A 4-zone footmask (forefoot, midfoot, medial and lateral rearfoot) assessed the spatial distribution of the vertical GRF under the foot. We calculated peak vertical instantaneous loading rate of the GRF (VILR) per foot zone as the impact intensity measure. Midfoot contact patterns were shown to have the lowest, and atypical rearfoot contact patterns the highest impact intensities, respectively. The greatest local impact intensity was mainly situated under the rear- and midfoot for the typical rearfoot contact patterns, under the midfoot for the atypical rearfoot contact patterns, and under the mid- and forefoot for the midfoot contact patterns. These findings indicate that different foot contact patterns could benefit from cushioning in different shoe zones.

scholarly journals Compensatory Ground Reaction Forces during Scoliotic Gait in Subjects with and without Right Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2372
Author(s):  
Paul S. Sung ◽  
Moon Soo Park
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Cobb Angle ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
And Gender

Although the asymmetries of scoliotic gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) groups have been extensively studied, recent studies indicated conflicting results regarding the ground reaction forces (GRFs) during gait in subjects with spinal deformity. The asymmetry during the stance phase might be clarified with three-dimensional (3D) compensations of GRFs between similar characteristics of subjects with and without AIS. The purpose of this study was to compare the normalized 3D GRF differences during the stance phase of gait while considering age, BMI, and Cobb angle between subjects with and without right AIS. There were 23 subjects with right convexity of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis and 22 age- and gender-matched control subjects. All subjects were right upper/lower limb dominant, and the outcome measures included the Cobb angles, normalized GRF, and KAI. The mediolateral (M/L) third peak force on the dominant limb decreased in the AIS group (t = 2.58, p = 0.01). Both groups demonstrated a significant interaction with the 3D indices (F = 5.41, p = 0.02). The post-hoc analysis identified that the M/L plane of asymmetry was significantly different between groups. The Cobb angles were negatively correlated with the vertical asymmetry index (r = −0.45, p = 0.03); however, there was no significant correlation with age (r = −0.10, p = 0.65) or body mass index (r = −0.28, p = 0.20). The AIS group demonstrated decreased GRF in the dominant limb M/L plane of the terminal stance phase. This compensatory motion was confirmed by a significant group difference on the M/L plane of the KAI. This KAI of vertical asymmetry correlated negatively with the Cobb angle. The asymmetric load transmission with compensatory vertical reactions was evident due to abnormal loading in the stance phase. These kinetic compensatory patterns need to be considered with asymmetry on the dominant limb when developing rehabilitation strategies for patients with AIS.

The influence of boot longitudinal flexural stiffness on external mechanical work and running economy during skate roller-skiing: A case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-558
Author(s):  
Jurij Hladnik ◽  
Matej Supej ◽  
Janez Vodičar ◽  
Boris Jerman
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Flexural Stiffness ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Derivatives Of

This case study examines the impact of boot longitudinal flexural stiffness on the total external mechanical work of a skier’s centre of mass per distance travelled in the forward direction ([Formula: see text] EX (J/m)) and on running economy during skate roller-skiing under submaximal steady-state conditions. Moreover, it analyses time derivatives of total W EX, of W EX performed by the roller-skis and poles, respectively, and of the directly useful mechanical work (the sum of the work to overcome centre of mass’ gravity and rolling resistance) within a typical roller-skiing cycle. Multiple roller-skiing trials (G3 technique) were performed by one subject on an inclined treadmill with boots of soft, intermediate, and stiff flexural stiffness. The orientation and magnitude of the roller-ski and pole ground reaction forces, body kinematics, VO2, and lactic acid concentration were monitored. The stiff boots had 13.4% ( p < 0.01) lower [Formula: see text] EX compared to the intermediate boots, and 20.7% ( p < 0.001) lower [Formula: see text] EX compared to the soft boots. Regarding running economy, the soft boots had 2.2% ( p < 0.05) higher VO2 compared to the intermediate boots, but the same VO2 compared to the stiff boots. In conclusion, the soft boots had significantly higher [Formula: see text] EX and running economy, while stiff boots had significantly lower [Formula: see text] EX and intermediate boots significantly lower running economy. Moreover, [Formula: see text] EX appears to be a better indicator of the boot flexural stiffness impact on energy efficiency than running economy.

scholarly journals Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Luo ◽  
Xini Zhang ◽  
Junqing Wang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yongxin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Mechanics ◽  
Soft Landing ◽  
Ankle Stiffness ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior–posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θROM) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a “soft landing” strategy, achieved by an increased θROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.

scholarly journals Impacto producido por la técnica seoi-otoshi. Relación con años de práctica y grado en judo

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Montero Carretero ◽  
José Luis López Elvira
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Judokas commonly train the <em>seoi-otoshi</em> technique (aka, drop-knee <em>seoi-nage</em>). A controversy exists about the convenience of its use by the younger judokas due to the risk of high loads produced by the impacts on their growing structures. The aim of the present paper was to measure the impacts against the tatami when executing the knee <em>seoi-otoshi</em> technique and its relationship with the years of practice and the degree or level (color of the belt). Thirty-three judokas from different years and degree volunteered to participate. Two force plates covered by standard tatami, registered the ground reaction forces while five consecutive repetitions were executed. We measured the mean and maximum peaks of force relative to their own body weight (BW). The results show peaks of more than 10 BW, which can be considered a potential risk of injury in the younger judokas, especially when repeated in time. In addition, a tendency to decrease the impact as the years of practice increase is observed (potential function; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.41, p&lt;0.000 in the force peak), and the force in the expert group has been significantly lower than in the other groups (p&lt;0.001). On the other hand, the degree (belt color) shows a quadratic relationship (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.45, p&lt;0.000 in the force peak). The lack of agreement between the years of practice and the degree shows that the promotion criteria does not appear to be a valid one from a preventive viewpoint, especially in the lower degrees which would correspond to younger practitioners whose locomotor structures are still not fully developed.

A Technique to Evaluate Foot Function During the Stance Phase of Gait

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 764-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lohmann Siegel ◽  
Thomas M. Kepple ◽  
Paul G. O'Connell ◽  
Lynn H. Gerber ◽  
Steven J. Stanhope
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
The Impact

A technique to measure foot function during the stance phase of gait is described. Advantages of the method include its three-dimensional approach with anatomically based segment coordinate systems. This allows variables such as ground reaction forces and center of pressure location to be expressed in a local foot coordinate system, which gives more anatomical meaning to the interpretation of results. Application of the measurement technique to case examples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrated its ability to discriminate normal from various levels of pathological function. Future studies will utilize this technique to study the impact of pathology and treatment on foot function.

Standardized Lab Shoes Do Not Decrease Loading Rate Variability in Recreational Runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 340-344
Author(s):  
Jessica G. Hunter ◽  
Alexander M.B. Smith ◽  
Lena M. Sciarratta ◽  
Stephen Suydam ◽  
Jae Kun Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Step Rate ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Running Mechanics

Studies of running mechanics often use a standardized lab shoe, ostensibly to reduce variance between subjects; however, this may induce unnatural running mechanics. The purpose of this study was to compare the step rate, vertical average loading rate, and ground contact time when running in standardized lab shoes versus participants’ normal running shoes. Ground reaction forces were measured while the participants ran overground in both shoe conditions at a self-selected speed. The Student’s t-test revealed that the vertical average loading rate magnitude was smaller in lab shoes versus normal shoes (42.09 [11.08] vs 47.35 [10.81] body weight/s, P = .013), while the step rate (170.92 [9.43] vs 168.98 [9.63] steps/min, P = .053) and ground contact time were similar (253 [25] vs 251 [20] ms, P = .5227) and the variance of all outcomes was similar in lab shoes versus normal shoes. Our results indicate that using standardized lab shoes during testing may underestimate the loads runners actually experience during their typical mileage.

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