What the research says about concussion risk factors and prevention strategies for youth sports: A scoping review of six commonly played sports

Objective Coastal drowning is a global public health problem which requires evidence to support safety initiatives. The growing multidisciplinary body of coastal drowning research and associated prevention countermeasures is diverse and has not been characterised as a whole. The objective of this scoping review was to identify key concepts, findings, evidence and research gaps in the coastal drowning literature to guide future research and inform prevention activities. Methods We conducted a scoping review to identify peer reviewed studies published before May 2020 reporting either (i) fatal unintentional coastal drowning statistics from non-boating, -disaster or -occupational aetiologies; (ii) risk factors for unintentional fatal coastal drowning; or (iii) coastal drowning prevention strategies. Systematic searches were conducted in six databases, two authors independently screened studies for inclusion and one author extracted data using a standardised data charting form developed by the study team. Results Of the 146 included studies, the majority (76.7%) were from high income countries, 87 (59.6%) reported coastal drowning deaths, 61 (41.8%) reported risk factors, and 88 (60.3%) reported prevention strategies. Populations, data sources and coastal water site terminology in the studies varied widely; as did reported risk factors, which most frequently related to demographics such as gender and age. Prevention strategies were commonly based on survey data or expert opinion and primarily focused on education, lifeguards and signage. Few studies (n = 10) evaluated coastal drowning prevention strategies. Discussion Coastal drowning is an expansive, multidisciplinary field that demands cross-sector collaborative research. Gaps to be addressed in coastal safety research include the lack of research from lower resourced settings, unclear and inconsistent terminology and reporting, and the lack of evaluation for prevention strategies. Advancing coastal drowning science will result in a stronger evidence base from which to design and implement effective countermeasures that ultimately save lives and keep people safe.

Download Full-text

208 What about BMX? A scoping review of injuries, risk factors, and prevention strategies

10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.191 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amanda M Black ◽

Srijal Gupta ◽

Claire Rockcliff

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Prevention Strategies

Download Full-text

Current intelligence bulletin 57 - violence in the workplace. Risk factors and prevention strategies.

10.26616/nioshpub96100 ◽

1996 ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Violence In The Workplace

Download Full-text

Coaching the development and transfer of life skills: a scoping review of facilitative coaching practices in youth sports

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1080/1750984x.2021.1910977 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-38

Author(s):

Tarkington Newman ◽

Sandra Black ◽

Fernando Santos ◽

Benjamin Jefka ◽

Nicholas Brennan

Keyword(s):

Scoping Review ◽

Life Skills ◽

Youth Sports

Download Full-text

Cumulative Risks from Stressor Exposures and Personal Risk Factors in the Workplace: Examples from a Scoping Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5850

Author(s):

Mary A. Fox ◽

Richard Todd Niemeier ◽

Naomi Hudson ◽

Miriam R. Siegel ◽

Gary Scott Dotson

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Multiple Stressors ◽

Cumulative Risk ◽

Real Life ◽

Personal Factors ◽

Exposure Limits ◽

Personal Risk ◽

Personal Risk Factors

Protecting worker and public health involves an understanding of multiple determinants, including exposures to biological, chemical, or physical agents or stressors in combination with other determinants including type of employment, health status, and individual behaviors. This has been illustrated during the COVID-19 pandemic by increased exposure and health risks for essential workers and those with pre-existing conditions, and mask-wearing behavior. Health risk assessment practices for environmental and occupational health typically do not incorporate multiple stressors in combination with personal risk factors. While conceptual developments in cumulative risk assessment to inform a more holistic approach to these real-life conditions have progressed, gaps remain, and practical methods and applications are rare. This scoping review characterizes existing evidence of combined stressor exposures and personal factors and risk to foster methods for occupational cumulative risk assessment. The review found examples from many workplaces, such as manufacturing, offices, and health care; exposures to chemical, physical, and psychosocial stressors combined with modifiable and unmodifiable determinants of health; and outcomes including respiratory function and disease, cancers, cardio-metabolic diseases, and hearing loss, as well as increased fertility, menstrual dysfunction and worsened mental health. To protect workers, workplace exposures and modifiable and unmodifiable characteristics should be considered in risk assessment and management. Data on combination exposures can improve assessments and risk estimates and inform protective exposure limits and management strategies.

Download Full-text

Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Pediatric Palliative Care Patients with Severe Neurological Impairment—A Scoping Literature Review and Case Reports

Children ◽

10.3390/children7120312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 312

Author(s):

Maximilian David Mauritz ◽

Carola Hasan ◽

Larissa Alice Dreier ◽

Pia Schmidt ◽

Boris Zernikow

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Palliative Care ◽

Young Adults ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Case Reports ◽

Neurological Impairment ◽

Opioid Therapy ◽

Pediatric Palliative Care ◽

Severe Neurological Impairment

Pediatric Palliative Care (PPC) addresses children, adolescents, and young adults with a broad spectrum of underlying diseases. A substantial proportion of these patients have irreversible conditions accompanied by Severe Neurological Impairment (SNI). For the treatment of pain and dyspnea, strong opioids are widely used in PPC. Nonetheless, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the opioid-related side effects in pediatric patients with SNI, particularly concerning Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression (OIRD). Research on pain and OIRD in pediatric patients with SNI is limited. Using scoping review methodology, we performed a systematic literature search for OIRD in pediatric patients with SNI. Out of n = 521 identified articles, n = 6 studies were included in the review. Most studies examined the effects of short-term intravenous opioid therapy. The incidence of OIRD varied between 0.13% and 4.6%; besides SNI, comorbidities, and polypharmacy were the most relevant risk factors. Additionally, three clinical cases of OIRD in PPC patients receiving oral or transdermal opioids are presented and discussed. The case reports indicate that the risk factors identified in the scoping review also apply to adolescents and young adults with SNI receiving low-dose oral or transdermal opioid therapy. However, the risk of OIRD should never be a barrier to adequate symptom relief. We recommend careful consideration and systematic observation of opioid therapy in this population of patients.

Download Full-text

Injury risk profile of amateur Irish women soccer players and players’ opinions on risk factors and prevention strategies

Physical Therapy in Sport ◽

10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.008 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tahani A. Alahmad ◽

Audrey C. Tierney ◽

Roisin M. Cahalan ◽

Nassr S. Almaflehi ◽

Amanda M. Clifford

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Risk Profile ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Irish Women

Download Full-text

A scoping review of female drowning: an underexplored issue in five high-income countries

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10920-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kym Roberts ◽

Ogilvie Thom ◽

Susan Devine ◽

Peter A. Leggat ◽

Amy E. Peden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

United Kingdom ◽

New Zealand ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Scoping Review ◽

The United States ◽

Clinical Treatment ◽

High Income ◽

Public Health Issue

Abstract Background Drowning is a significant public health issue, with females accounting for one third of global drowning deaths. The rate of female drowning has not decreased within high-income countries and presentations to hospital have increased. This scoping review aimed to explore adult female unintentional drowning, including risk factors, clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. Methods A systematic search of the literature following the PRISMA-ScR framework was undertaken. The databases OVID MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OVID Emcare, Web of Science, Informit and Scopus were accessed. Study locations of focus were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Studies from January 2003 to April 2019 were included. The quality of evidence of included studies was assessed using GRADE guidelines. Results The final search results included 14 studies from Australia (n = 4), Canada (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), United States (n = 6), United Kingdom (n = 1), and one study reporting data from both Australia and United States. Nine studies reported risk factors for female drowning including age, with the proportion of female drowning incidence increasing with age. Although females are now engaging in risk-taking behaviours associated with drowning that are similar to males, such as consuming alcohol and swimming in unsafe locations, their exposure to risky situations and ways they assess risk, differ. Females are more likely to drown from accidental entry into water, such as in a vehicle during a flood or fall into water. This review found no evidence on the clinical treatment provided to females in hospital after a drowning incident, and only a small number of studies reported the clinical outcomes of females, with inconsistent results (some studies reported better and some no difference in clinical outcomes among females). Conclusion Adult females are a group vulnerable to drowning, that have lacked attention. There was no single study found which focused solely on female drowning. There is a need for further research to explore female risk factors, the clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. This will not only save the lives of females, but also contribute to an overall reduction in drowning.

Download Full-text

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children with obesity

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02595-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Luting Peng ◽

Su Wu ◽

Nan Zhou ◽

Shanliang Zhu ◽

Qianqi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Liver Enzymes ◽

Early Stage ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Nash Group

Abstract Background With the increasing number of children with obesity worldwide, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease among children. It is necessary to recognize the risk factors of NAFLD for prevention in childhood since NAFLD is asymptomatic in the early stage. Objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate possible risk factors of NAFLD in children with obesity, providing evidence for monitoring and prevention strategies at an early stage for obese children with NAFLD. Methods Data were collected from 428 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years recruited from the Children’s Hospital at Nanjing Medical University from September 2015 to April 2018 and analyzed. Based on a combination of ultrasound results and alanine transaminase levels, subjects were divided into three groups: simple obesity (SOB), simple steatosis (SS), and nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis (NASH). Blood biochemical examination included glucose, insulin, uric acid, lipid profile and liver enzymes. Results Among 428 children with obesity, 235 (54.9%) had SS and 45 (10.5%) had NASH. Body mass index, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), waist circumference, body fat, liver enzymes, uric acid and HOMA-IR level were significantly higher in the NASH group than in the SS and SOB groups (p < 0.001). 53.3% of the SS group and 49.8% of the NASH group had metabolic syndrome, significantly more than in the SOB group (19.6%, p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, logistic regression models revealed that NASH was associated with BMI-SDS ≥ 3, gender, hyperuricemia and insulin resistance. Conclusions The prevalence of NASH in children with obesity is closely related to high BMI-SDS, gender, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia. These findings provide evidence that monitoring risk factors of childhood obesity can assist in developing prevention strategies for liver disease at an early stage.

Download Full-text