Investigating the process of electrocoagulation in the removal of azo dye from synthetic textile effluents and the effects of acute toxicity on Daphnia magna test organisms

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of disposable plastics, including medical masks, which have become a necessity in our daily lives. As these are often improperly disposed of, they represent an important potential source of microplastics in the environment. We prepared microplastics from polypropylene medical masks and characterised their size, shape, organic chemical leaching, and acute toxicity to the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. The three layers of the masks were separately milled and characterised. Each of the inner frontal, middle filtering, and outer layers yielded different types of microplastics: fibres were obtained from the inner and outer layer, but irregular fragments from the middle layer. The shape of the obtained microplastics differed from the initial fibrous structure of the intact medical mask layers, which indicates that the material is deformed during cryo-milling. The chemical compositions of plastics-associated chemicals also varied between the different layers. Typically, the inner layer contained more chemicals related to antimicrobial function and flavouring. The other two layers also contained antioxidants and their degradation products, plasticisers, cross-linking agents, antistatic agents, lubricants, and non-ionic surfactants. An acute study with D. magna showed that these microplastics do not cause immobility but do physically interact with the daphnids. Further long-term studies with these microplastics are needed using a suite of test organisms. Indeed, studies with other polypropylene microplastics have shown numerous adverse effects on other organisms at concentrations that have already been reported in the environment. Further efforts should be made to investigate the environmental hazards of polypropylene microplastics from medical masks and how to handle this new source of environmental burden.

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A comparative study of the acute toxicity of the herbicide atrazine to cladocerans Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Macrothrix flabelligera

Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia ◽

10.1590/s2179-975x2014000100002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Raquel Aparecida Moreira ◽

Adrislaine da Silva Mansano ◽

Lidiane Cristina da Silva ◽

Odete Rocha

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Native Species ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Tropical Freshwaters ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Herbicide Atrazine ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests

AIM: In this study we compared the sensitivity of three species of Cladocera, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Macrothrix flabelligera, to the commercial product of the herbicide Atrazine, the Atrazine Atanor 50 SC® (500 g/L), widely used on crops in Brazil. METHODS: Acute toxicity tests were performed at the nominal atrazine concentrations 2.25, 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, 36 and 72 mg L-1, on C. silvestrii and M. flabelligera and at 2.25, 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, 36, 72 and 144 mg L-1 on D. magna. The range of concentrations tested was established in a series of preliminary tests. RESULTS: The toxicity tests showed that the two species naturally occurring in water bodies in Brazil were more susceptible than Daphnia magna. The effective concentrations of Atrazine Atanor 50 SC® (EC50- 48 h) to the species M. flabelligera, C. silvestrii and D. magna were 12.37 ± 2.67 mg L-1, 14.30 ± 1.55 mg L-1 and 50.41 ± 2.64 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, when EC50 observed here for M. flabelligera and C. silvestrii were compared with published values of EC50 or LC50 (mg L-1) for various aquatic organisms exposed to atrazine, it was seen that these two cladocerans were the most sensitive to the herbicide. CONCLUSIONS: Considering these results and the broad distribution of C. silvestrii and M. flabelligera in tropical and subtropical regions, it is concluded that these native species would be valuable test organisms in ecotoxicological tests, for the monitoring of toxic substances in tropical freshwaters.

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A Standard Primary Toxicity Bioassay Using Daphnia Magna as a Test Species

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1977.004 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 27-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L.A. Behie ◽

J.E. Zajic ◽

D. Berk ◽

R.J.P. Brouzes ◽

V.A. Naish

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Biological Indicator ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Toxicity Bioassay ◽

Simple Method ◽

Test Species ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Dilution Water

Abstract Although Daphnia magna have been widely used in the determination of the toxicity of various substances, there are no reports in the literature that describe a rigorous bioassay method using this organism as a test species. The test described herein involves the standariza-tion of various important aspects of the method such as the age of the test organisms, and the dilution water used for the preparation of the various toxicant concentrations. Also described is a simple method for the statistical analysis of the results. The sensitivity of the proposed bioassay is demonstrated by determining the toxicity of various pulp and paper effluents. Finally, extensive bioassays were carried out simultaneously with rainbow trout and Daphnia magna indicating that Daphnia are as good a biological indicator of acute toxicity as fish.

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Effect of Mercury on the Survival of Daphnia Magna

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1990.0035 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 241-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. Brković-Popović

Keyword(s):

Life Span ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Effect Concentration ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Lethal Time ◽

Two Temperatures ◽

Time Required

The median lethal time (LT) for each concentration of mercury was determined on the basis of mortality curves. Toxicity curves (i.e., the median life-span of Daphniamagna, LT 50, versus the concentration of mercury) for four tested conditions are shown. The experiments were carried out using two diluents of different total hardness (46 and 119 mg/l as CaCO3), at two temperatures (20°C and 25°C). A comparison of the LT 50s of the control organisms with the LT 50s of the test organisms at mercury concentrations of 0.0075 and 0.0050 mg. l-1 showed that the chemical characteristics and temperatures of the mediums tested did not affect the range of the ‘no effect' concentration. However, the incipient LC 50, and the time required for its appearance, did depend on the combination of the abiotic factors tested.

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Acute toxicity of organic chemicals to Gammarus pulex correlates with sensitivity of Daphnia magna across most modes of action

Aquatic Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.002 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 103 (1-2) ◽

pp. 38-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Roman Ashauer ◽

Anita Hintermeister ◽

Eva Potthoff ◽

Beate I. Escher

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Gammarus Pulex ◽

Organic Chemicals ◽

Modes Of Action

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The assessment of Ficaria verna acute toxicity by two alternative methods: Daphnia magna and Physella acuta bioassays

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1323 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 258 ◽

pp. S66

Author(s):

O. Olaru ◽

G. Nitulescu ◽

C. Spinu ◽

I. Potolea ◽

O. Pirvu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Physella Acuta ◽

Ficaria Verna

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Aquatic Toxicity Comparison of Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nanowires

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/893049 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Eun Kyung Sohn ◽

Seyed Ali Johari ◽

Tae Gyu Kim ◽

Jin Kwon Kim ◽

Ellen Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Silver Nanowires ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Oryzias Latipes ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

Silver Nanomaterials ◽

Raphidocelis Subcapitata ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Test Fish

To better understand the potential ecotoxicological impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) released into freshwater environments, the toxicities of these nanomaterials were assessed and compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, including a “Daphniasp., acute immobilization test,” “Fish, acute toxicity test,” and “freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test.” Based on the estimated median lethal/effective concentrations of AgNPs and AgNWs, the susceptibility to the nanomaterials was different among test organisms (daphnia > algae > fish), suggesting that the AgNPs are classified as “category acute 1” forDaphnia magna, “category acute 2” forOryzias latipes, and “category acute 1” forRaphidocelis subcapitata, while the AgNWs are classified as “category acute 1” forDaphnia magna, “category acute 2” forOryzias latipes, and “category acute 2” forRaphidocelis subcapitata, according to the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals). In conclusion, the present results suggest that more attention should be paid to prevent the accidental or intentional release of silver nanomaterials into freshwater aquatic environments.

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Acute toxicity of some insecticides on Artemia salina and Daphnia magna

Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.07.081 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Dilsad Onbasili ◽

Fatih Duman ◽

Berrak Altinsoy ◽

Hatice Bekci

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Artemia Salina

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Application of Biotests in Cyanobacterial Extract Toxicity Assessment

Archives of Environmental Protection ◽

10.2478/aep-2014-0028 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 115-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Sierosławska ◽

Anna Rymuszka ◽

Tadeusz Skowroński

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽

Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Taxonomic Identification ◽

Dam Reservoir ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Initial Extract ◽

Toxicity Unit

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of the extract obtained from the cyanobacterial cells derived from the waters of Zemborzycki dam reservoir with use of a battery of biotests. The taxonomic identiﬁcation of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria revealed high abundance of Aphanizomenon ﬂos-aquae and Dolichospermum spp. (Anabaena spp.) and in a lower degree of Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii. In the extract obtained from concentrated cyanobacterial cells, hepatotoxin microcystin-LR at a concentration of 22.89 ± 3.74 μg/L and neurotoxin Antx-a at 13.02 ± 0.01 μg/L have been detected. Toxicity of the extract was evaluated with the following assays: Daphtoxkit F magna with the crustacean Daphnia magna, Thamnotoxkit F with the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, Rotoxkit F with the rotifer Brachionus calyciﬂorus and Protoxkit F with ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. The most sensitive organism among all studied was T. platyurus for which EC50 was estimated to be 1.2% of the initial extract concentration. On the basis of the highest obtained value of the toxicity unit (TU = 83) the studied sample was classiﬁed to the IV class, which is of high acute toxicity. Additionally, it was found that reactivity on cyanobacterial products differs greatly among organisms used in bioassays, which indicate the need for using a set of biotests.

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