From cattle to pastirma: Contamination source of methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) along the pastirma production chain

AbstractMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes a constant threat for the public health. Aim of the present study was to analyse the whole genome sequences of two MRSA strains belonging to Staphylococcus protein A (spa) type t127 isolated from humans working in two distantly located dairy production farms in Greece.MRSA strains were isolated from the nasal cavity of a food handler in a milk industry in Epirus, northwestern Greece (E-MRSA), and a person working in a cattle farm in Thrace, northeastern Greece (T-MRSA). Whole genome sequences taken using next generation sequencing were analysed for resistance and virulence genes applying various bioinformatic tools.Both isolates were assigned to ST1-IVa-t127 type, and they were transferring genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, β-lactams, and aminoglycosides; T-MRSA was carrying additional genes leading to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance. Both isolates were carrying three plasmid replicon types, rep5, rep7 and rep16, while T-MRSA harboured also rep10 and rep15. E-MRSA carried scn and sak genes which were absent from T-MRSA.In conclusion, the genetic characterization of two unrelated ST1-IVa-t127 MRSA strains isolated from humans in close contact with livestock in Greece can be used as basis for further epidemiological and evolutionary studies.

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Prevalence, distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat salads and in the environment of a salad manufacturing plant in Northern Greece

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/37/2011-cjfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 285-291 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. Sergelidis ◽

A. Abrahim ◽

V. Anagnostou ◽

A. Govaris ◽

T. Papadopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Food Production ◽

Rapd Analysis ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Manufacturing Plant ◽

Northern Greece ◽

Production Chain ◽

Good Manufacturing Practices

The prevalence, distribution, and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, the environment, and the personnel of a salad producing plant in Greece. Staphylococci were isolated from 27% of the samples. Apart from three isolates which were sensitive to all antibiotics, all the others exhibited resistance from two up to five antibiotics. None of the isolates was resistant to oxacillin. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed no genetic relation between the human and salad isolates while one RAPD clone of S. aureus predominated among the salad samples. The results suggest that an effective application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is needed along the food production chain to prevent the contamination of RTE foods.  

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Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Fresh Meat Pork Production Chain

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-250 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 126-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

BIRGIT BENEKE ◽

SYLVIA KLEES ◽

BIRGIT STÜHRENBERG ◽

ALEXANDRA FETSCH ◽

BRITTA KRAUSHAAR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Environmental Samples ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Production Chain ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Pork Production ◽

Nasal Swabs ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Spa Types

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on different stages of a fresh pork production chain to reveal potential carryover from live animals to meat. Samples were collected at different stages of the production process in a large German abattoir with an integrated processing unit for fresh pork. Samples included nasal swabs from pigs at stunning, environmental samples from the slaughter line, surface samples from carcasses, environmental and meat samples from the processing unit, and samples from final products. Samples were analyzed with an established two-step selective enrichment method, and isolates were characterized with respect to their S. aureus protein A gene (spa) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec; which harbors the mecA gene) types. Contamination rate was highest (64.7%) in nasal swabs and lower (6.0%) on carcasses, meat at processing (4.2%), and final products (2.8%). Environmental samples were positive along the slaughter line (12%) but not in the processing unit. spa types t011 and t034 and SCCmec type V predominated the isolates. Heterogeneity of spa types was highest in nasal swabs. Results show that methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be identified at all stages of the production chain. Further studies are needed to identify potential control points to reduce the carryover from farm animals to the final products.

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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus on Belgian Pork

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-266 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 82-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

MARIJKE VERHEGGHE ◽

FLORENCE CROMBÉ ◽

KAAT LUYCKX ◽

FREDDY HAESEBROUCK ◽

PATRICK BUTAYE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Human Population ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Production Chain ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Pork Production

ABSTRACT Since the first description of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), a high prevalence was observed in pigs. At present, questions remain about the transmission of LA-MRSA to the general human population through pork. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of LA-MRSA in Belgian pork and to determine the role of the pork production chain and butcheries in transmission of LA-MRSA to the human population. Pig meat samples (chops, bacon, minced pork, ribs, forelimbs, and ears; n =137) originating from four butcheries (A through D) were spread plated on ChromID MRSA plates both before and after overnight enrichment culture. Suspect colonies were confirmed using a MRSA-specific triplex PCR assay and a CC398-specific PCR assay. The isolates (n =147) were further characterized by SCCmec typing, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, a selection of isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing. Direct plating revealed a MRSA prevalence of 8%. After enrichment, MRSA was isolated from 98 (72%) of 137 samples of which the majority were from rib, ear, and forelimb. The majority (97%) of obtained isolates belonged to CC398, the main LA-MRSA type. A high level of genetic diversity was noted among the isolates from one butchery. Thirty antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were found; 13 and 9% of the isolates had Cip-Tet-Tri and Gen-Kan-Tet-Tob-Tri profiles, respectively. These results indicate the importance of enrichment for MRSA detection of pork. The observed genetic diversity of the isolates indicated that the pork production chain can be considered a source of multiple MRSA types that could be transmitted to the human population through cross-contaminated meat.

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Prevalence and characteristics of livestock-associated methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain in Korea

Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e69 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Hong Sik Eom ◽

Seung Hyun Back ◽

Haeng Ho Lee ◽

Gi Yong Lee ◽

Soo-Jin Yang

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Production Chain ◽

Pork Production

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Bacteriological Analysis of Beef Production Chain in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis of Kebbi State, Nigeria

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i330229 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 64-76

Author(s):

Famubo, Joseph A. ◽

Isiaka, Aishatu ◽

Abbas, Yusuf B.

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Proteus Vulgaris ◽

Production Chain ◽

Retail Outlets ◽

Retail Meat

The hygiene status of most abattoirs and retail outlets in Nigeria is very poor, and it contributes to the unacceptable level of bacteria load in beef, and poses a health risk to consumers. This study examined the bacteriological analysis of beef production chain in Birnin Kebbi metropolis. A total of 100 samples of meat, water and surface swab in Main Market, GRA, Badariya, Bayan Kara and Rafin Atiku, Birnin Kebbi Central abattoir and retail meat shops were collected aseptically, processed and analyzed. Meat from retail outlets were mostly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%), followed by Escherichia coli (17.3%), Klebsiella pneumonia (9.8%), Salmonella typhimurium (9.1%), Entrobater aerogenes (8.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes (8.1%), Proteus vulgaris (7.8%), Micrococcus luteus (7.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.2%). In the abattoirs contact surfaces, contamination occurred mostly by Staphylococcus aureus (23.4%), Salmonella typhimurium (18.2%), Escherichia coli (16.9%), Entrobater aerogenes (9.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes (7.8%), Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.5% each) and Micrococcus luteus (5.2%). The findings revealed a high bacterial load in both abattoir and retail meat outlets. In order to safeguard the health of the public against the risks of food borne infections, there is a need to educate and advocate good sanitation and meat handling practices in the abattoir and beef retail outlets.

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Evidence for the Dissemination to Humans of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 through the Pork Production Chain: A Study in a Portuguese Slaughterhouse

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8121892 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1892 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ons Bouchami ◽

Maria João Fraqueza ◽

Nuno Alexandre Faria ◽

Valquíria Alves ◽

Opeyemi Uwangbaoje Lawal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Human Infection ◽

Production Chain ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Pork Production ◽

Clonal Type ◽

Mrsa St398

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) ST398 was recovered from infections in humans exposed to animals, raising public health concerns. However, contact with food producing chain as a means of transmission of LA-MRSA to humans remains poorly understood. We aimed to assess if pork production chain is a source of MRSA ST398 for human colonization and infection. MRSA from live pigs, meat, the environment, and slaughterhouse workers were analyzed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), spa, MLST typing, SNPs and for antibiotic resistance and virulence gene profiles. We compared core and accessory genomes of MRSA ST398 isolated from slaughterhouse and hospital. We detected MRSA ST398 (t011, t108, t1451) along the entire pork production chain (live pigs: 60%; equipment: 38%; meat: 23%) and in workers (40%). All MRSA ST398 were multidrug resistant, and the majority carried genes encoding biocide resistance and enterotoxins. We found 23 cross-transmission events between live pigs, meat, and workers (6–55 SNPs). MRSA ST398 from infection and slaughterhouse environment belonged to the same clonal type (ST398, t011, SCCmec V), but differed in 321–378 SNPs. Pork production chain can be a source of MRSA ST398 for colonization of human slaughterhouse workers, which can represent a risk of subsequent meat contamination and human infection.

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Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase (KPC), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) in the food production chain and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces

Current Opinion in Food Science ◽

10.1016/j.cofs.2019.04.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vanessa PP Alonso ◽

Murilo M Queiroz ◽

Miriã L Gualberto ◽

Maristela S Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Food Production ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus ◽

Production Chain ◽

Abiotic Surfaces ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

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Antimicrobial activity of four essential oils against pigmenting Pseudomonas fluorescens and biofilmproducing Staphylococcus aureus of dairy origin

Italian Journal of Food Safety ◽

10.4081/ijfs.2017.6939 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Francesca Pedonese ◽

Filippo Fratini ◽

Luisa Pistelli ◽

Federica Maria Porta ◽

Pierluigi Di Ciccio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Production Chain ◽

Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Blue Discoloration ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Essential oils (EOs) are mixtures of secondary metabolites of plant origin with many useful properties, among which the antimicrobial activity is also of interest for the food industry. EOs can exert their antimicrobial potential both directly, in food products and active packaging, and indirectly, as sanitizing and anti-biofilm agents of food facility surfaces. Aim of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four EOs (bergamot, cinnamon, manuka and thyme) against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products. The chemical composition of EOs was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values were determined by a microplate method against 9 Ps. fluorescens from marketed mozzarella with blue discoloration defect, and 3 biofilm-producing S. aureus from milk. Reference ATCC strains were included. Pigment production activity by Ps. fluorescens was assessed both in culture and in cheese. EOs of manuka (leptospermone 23%) and thyme (carvacrol 30%, pcymene 20%, thymol 15%) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, MIC values were 0.012%-0.024% and 0.024% v/v, respectively; meanwhile EOs from thyme and cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde 55%) exhibited the best activity against Ps. fluorescens with MIC values of 0.098%-0.195% and 0.195%-0.391% v/v, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of these EOs is promising and they could be exploited in the dairy production chain.

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