Acute and long-term biological effects of mechanically and chemically dispersed oil on lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 8-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Frantzen ◽  
Bjørn Henrik Hansen ◽  
Perrine Geraudie ◽  
Jocelyn Palerud ◽  
Inger-Britt Falk-Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON THE BRAIN CORAL DIPLOMA STRIGOSA (DANA)—A SUMMARY REVIEW

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Sheila C. Wyers ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter ◽  
Harold R. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

ABSTRACT The Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa. This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zoo-xanthellae, and skeletal growth. In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments. Depuration studies using (9-I4C) -phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure.

EFFECTS OF UNTREATED AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON TROPICAL MARINE COMMUNITIES: A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ballou ◽  
Stephen C. Hess ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Term Field

ABSTRACT A multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants to reduce the adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites, whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study simulated an unusually high (“worst case”) exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short- and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna, and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals, and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms, reduced coral growth rate in one species, and had minor or no effects on seagrasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results on decision making for actual spills based on trade-offs between dispersing or not dispersing the oil. This report deals only with the major results of the study. A large number of parameters were monitored, but in the interest of brevity only the most important aspects of the study are reported here. A detailed description of the methods used and a complete presentation and discussion of results is given in Ballou et al.2

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF DTox: A QUANTITATIVE DATABASE OF THE TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 733-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana C. Bejarano ◽  
Valerie Chu ◽  
Jeff Dahlin ◽  
Jim Farr
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Data Source ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT The Deepwater Horizon oil spill revived discussions on the use of dispersants as an oil spill countermeasure. One of the greatest concerns regarding the use of dispersants deals with potential exposure of water column organisms to high concentrations of oil. While toxicity data on dispersants and physically and chemically dispersed oil have been generated for decades under controlled laboratory conditions, the practical use of this information has been limited by the lack of a centralized data repository. As a result, the Dispersant and Chemically Dispersed Oil Toxicity Database (DTox) was created to address that shared need of unrestricted and rapid access to toxicity data. DTox is a quantitative database that gathers existing toxicity data through a careful review and compilation of data extracted from the peer-review and gray literature. Through a rigorously evaluation of the quality of each data source, this database contains pertinent information including species scientific name, life stage tested, dispersant name, exposure type, oil weathering stage, exposure duration, etc. More importantly, this database contains effects concentrations reported on measured or nominal basis. Within the database, each data source is assigned an applicability score based on their relevance to oil spills. Key criteria in the determination of source applicability include exposure type, reported effects concentrations, and reported analytical chemistry. Information in DTox has been further integrated into a user-friendly tool that allows for on-the-fly data searches and data plotting in the form of Species Sensitivity Distributions. To date, +400 papers have been evaluated for potential inclusion into the database, and data extracted from +170 sources. Despite inherent limitations, existing toxicity data are of great value to the oil spill scientific community. Although toxicity data will never be enough to answer all toxicity questions regarding the use of dispersants, this centralized data repository can help inform decisions on dispersant use and can help identify data needs and gaps. The ultimate goal of this tool is its contribution to a better understanding of the biological effects of dispersants and oil in the aquatic environment.

Biological effects of mechanically and chemically dispersed oil on the Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica)

2016 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Frantzen ◽  
Francesco Regoli ◽  
William G. Ambrose ◽  
Jasmine Nahrgang ◽  
Perrine Geraudie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chlamys Islandica ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

THE EFFECTS OF OIL AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Scholten ◽  
J. Kuiper
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Rapid Succession ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton

ABSTRACT The effects of various crude oils and chemically dispersed oil on natural phytoplankton communities were tested in several experiments using marine mesocosms. Elevated algal biomass concentrations were found in most of the experiments, despite the long-term inhibition of primary productivity per unit chlorophyll. This result is due to reduced grazing upon algae as a consequence of oil-induced mortality of copepods or bivalves. A rapid succession from a diatom-dominated algae community to one dominated by microflagellates can be observed after an oil spill, owing to the more rapid exhaustion of silicate. If silicate is not being exhausted, a prolonged abundance of diatoms is observed. Treatment of oil with dispersant generally will aggravate effects, because of high dissolved oil concentrations in the water.

COMPARATIVE FATE OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED AND UNTREATED OIL IN THE ARCTIC: BAFFIN ISLAND OIL SPILL STUDIES 1980–1983

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 561-569
Author(s):  
Paul D. Boehm ◽  
William Steinhauer ◽  
Adolfo Requejo ◽  
Donald Cobb ◽  
Suzanne Duffy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Beach Sediments ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Deposit Feeding

ABSTRACT Two experimental oil spill studies designed to assess the comparative short and long term fates and effects of chemically dispersed and untreated nearshore discharges in the Arctic were undertaken as part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. The fates of oil in the water column, in subtidal and beach sediments, and in five species of filter- and deposit-feeding animals were investigated. Analytical results indicate that the discharge of the chemically dispersed oil caused a large but short-lived chemical impact on the water column (up to 50 ppm), a significant initial bio accumulation of oil, and little sediment impact. In contrast, the untreated oil, allowed to beach, did not have a significant water column impact, but did result in a large scale landfall, continual long term erosion of oil off the beach, and increasing oil levels in subtidal sediments and deposit-feeding animals.

The mechanistic role of thymoquinone in Parkinson's disease: focus on neuroprotection in pre-clinical studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Najim Uddin ◽  
Mohammad Injamul Hoq ◽  
Israt Jahan ◽  
Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui ◽  
Chayan Dhar Clinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Movement Difficulties

: Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sativa L. seeds. TQ exhibited various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-tumoral in several pre-clinical studies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative disease with movement difficulties, and the common feature of neurodegeneration in PD patients is caused by dopaminergic neural damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuroprotective activity of TQ has been studied in various neurological disorders. TQ-mediated neuroprotection against PD yet to be reported in a single frame; therefore, this review is intended to narrate the potentiality of TQ in the therapy of PD. TQ has been shown to protect against neurotoxins via amelioration of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, thereby protects neurodegeneration in PD models. TQ could be an emerging therapeutic intervention in PD management, but mechanistic studies have been remained to be investigated to clarify its neuroprotective role.

scholarly journals Effects of Manganese Porphyrins on Cellular Sulfur Metabolism

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Andrea K. Steiger ◽  
Michael D. Pluth ◽  
Charles R. Tessier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Redox Cycle ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Manganese Porphyrins ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
H2s Production

Manganese porphyrins (MnPs), MnTE-2-PyP5+, MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, are superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics and form a redox cycle between O2 and reductants, including ascorbic acid, ultimately producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We previously found that MnPs oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to polysulfides (PS; H2Sn, n = 2–6) in buffer. Here, we examine the effects of MnPs for 24 h on H2S metabolism and PS production in HEK293, A549, HT29 and bone marrow derived stem cells (BMDSC) using H2S (AzMC, MeRho-AZ) and PS (SSP4) fluorophores. All MnPs decreased intracellular H2S production and increased intracellular PS. H2S metabolism and PS production were unaffected by cellular O2 (5% versus 21% O2), H2O2 or ascorbic acid. We observed with confocal microscopy that mitochondria are a major site of H2S production in HEK293 cells and that MnPs decrease mitochondrial H2S production and increase PS in what appeared to be nucleoli and cytosolic fibrillary elements. This supports a role for MnPs in the metabolism of H2S to PS, the latter serving as both short- and long-term antioxidants, and suggests that some of the biological effects of MnPs may be attributable to sulfur metabolism.

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