scholarly journals Modal shift ambitions of large North European ports: A contract-theory perspective on the role of port managing bodies

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 100049
Author(s):  
M. Langenus ◽  
M. Dooms ◽  
E. Haezendonck ◽  
T. Notteboom ◽  
A. Verbeke
Keyword(s):  
Contract Theory ◽  
Modal Shift

scholarly journals Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5851
Author(s):  
Buket Şengül ◽  
Hamid Mostofi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urban Transportation ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Average Travel Time ◽  
Sharp Growth ◽  
Travel Behaviors ◽  
Insight Into

When considering the sharp growth rate of the use of e-micromobility vehicles, such as e-scooters and e-bikes, it is necessary to investigate whether these emerging modes of transport play a sustainable role in cities in terms of their energy efficiency, emissions, and their relationship with other modes of mobility, such as public transport. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impacts of e-micromobility through a systematic review of relevant studies in the field of e-scooters and e-bikes. We followed the steps of PRISMA to conduct a systematic literature review, including identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion steps. One hundred forty-six studies were reviewed and compiled, and 29 of these studies were selected for the focus of this review and their research data were synthesized. The impacts of e-micromobilities were categorized into four categories—travel behaviors, energy consumption, environmental impacts, and safety and related regulations. The category of travel behaviors includes the analysis of the purposes of travel, modal shift from different modes of transport to e-micromobility vehicles, average travel time, and distance. In this review, the findings of relevant studies in different cities around world are compared to each other and synthesized to give an insight into the role of e-micromobility in the present and in the future of urban transportation.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INLAND WATERWAY NAVIGATION IN A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Transport ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Rohács ◽  
Győző Simongáti
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Inland Waterway ◽  
Total Transport

Sustainable development has become a guiding principle of human activities nowadays. Sustainable transport can take a great part in future development. Today this is not the case, and road transport contributes to this above all. For sustainable transport development the necessity of modal shift is inevitable and the inland waterway navigation should get the higher share of the total transport where there is an alternative. This presentation shows the reasons why the inland waterway navigation can increase the level of sustainability.

Contract as Promise: Lessons Learned

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-379
Author(s):  
Charles Fried
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Way

Abstract In The Choice Theory of Contracts, Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller state that by arguing “that autonomy matters centrally to contract,” Contract as Promise makes an “enduring contribution . . . but [its] specific arguments faltered because [they] missed the role of diverse contract types and because [it] grounded contractual freedom in a flawed rights-based view. . .. We can now say all rights-based arguments for contractual autonomy have failed.” The authors conclude that their proposed choice theory “approach returns analysis to the mainstream of twentieth-century liberalism – a tradition concerned with enhancing self-determination that is mostly absent in contract theory today.” Perhaps the signal flaw in Contract as Promise they sought to address was the homogenization of all contract types under a single paradigm. In this Article, I defend the promise principle as the appropriate paradigm for the regime of contract law. Along the way I defend the Kantian account of this subject, while acknowledging that state enforcement necessarily introduces elements — both normative and institutional — for which that paradigm fails adequately to account. Of particular interest and validity is Dagan and Heller’s discussion of contract types, to which the law has always and inevitably recurred. They show how this apparent constraint on contractual freedom actually enhances freedom to contract. I discuss what I have learned from their discussion: that choice like languages, is “lumpy,” so that realistically choices must be made between and framed within available types, off the rack, as it were, and not bespoke on each occasion. I do ask as well how these types come into being mutate, and can be deliberately adapted to changing circumstances.

The Hobbesian Hypothesis: How a Colonial Prejudice Became an Essential Premise in the Most Popular Justification of Government

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Widerquist ◽  
Grant S. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Moral Standard ◽  
Empirical Claim ◽  
Lockean Proviso ◽  
Disadvantaged People

This chapter introduces the role of “the Hobbesian hypothesis” in social contract theory by discussing how Thomas Hobbes introduced it. It defines the version of “the Lockean proviso” relevant to social contract theory as the following moral standard: for a state to be justified virtually everyone must be better off under the state than they could reasonably expect to be in any stateless environment. The chapter defines the contractarian version of “the Hobbesian hypothesis” as the empirical claim that the Lockean proviso is fulfilled by the state: the state benefits everyone or at least everyone who prefers safety to a perilous environment devoid of security. The chapter argues that any plausible justification of existing states drawn from broadly Hobbesian or contractarian principles relies on this hypothesis as an empirical premise comparing the welfare of disadvantaged people in state society and people in stateless societies.

The public doesn’t miss the public. Views from the people: Why news by the people?

Journalism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Karlsson ◽  
Christer Clerwall ◽  
Lars Nord
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Public Views ◽  
Journalism Research

One of the main debates within journalism research during the last decade has been the role of citizens as contributors or, conversely, as threats to the practice of journalism. While participation has been explored from many different theoretical, empirical, and methodological perspectives, one perspective remains noticeably underexplored – the perspective of the citizens themselves. Using social contract theory as a backdrop, this study draws on a representative survey ( N = 2091) and focus groups ( N = 82) in Sweden. The results show that although citizens do not bring up participation as an important element of journalism, they become more skeptical the more participation affects journalism. Furthermore, they expect journalists to moderate citizen contributions according to established journalistic standards. From the perspective of social contract theory, participation in journalism appears to be more of a problem than a benefit to citizens.

scholarly journals Transnational Contract Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 512-530
Author(s):  
Klaas Hendrik Eller
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
Digital Platforms

Contract is a central trope of transnational ordering. In the shadow of the various attempts to harmonize contract law at the transnational level (such as through UNIDROIT), the very institution of contract already forms the backbone of transnational interaction. Yet, as this chapter outlines, contract theory is for the most part ill-prepared to capture the constitutive role of contracts in the regulation and critique of transnational social institutions, such as global value chains or digital platforms. In such scenarios, beyond being geared toward efficiency between parties, contracts embody a plurality of rationalities and interests and form a discursive space. Albeit often in a fragile way, contracts emerge as equivalents of political institutions inasmuch as the state legal order no longer provides substantial background justice. The chapter surveys how realist and critical traditions in contract theory, in both their US and European variants, are presently being recalibrated to properly reconstruct transnational social conflicts.

scholarly journals On the role of government in promoting altruism

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1156-1170
Author(s):  
Enrico Colombatto ◽  
Valerio Tavormina
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Common

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether altruism justifies ad hoc legislation with reference to three different contexts. One is defined by the libertarian notion of liberty; a second framework corresponds to the egalitarian vision; and a third one originates from social-contract theory. Design/methodology/approach The authors review two stylized visions of liberty, and consider to what extent the current legal systems comply with one of these visions. Moreover, the authors analyse the implications of the contractarian approach. Findings It is shown that current legislation is rather ambiguous and sometimes even contradictory. By and large, the common-law view tends to favour the libertarian approach, while the civil-law visions are closer to what one might expect from social-contract theory. In these cases, however, it seems that the letter of the law is often questioned by the academic community as well as by the judiciary, and decisions eventually follow the judges’ discretionary power. Originality/value This analysis of altruism combines the economic and legal perspectives. Although altruism is always considered an important part of social capital and worthy of privileged treatment, it is shown that policymaking is frequently inconsistent and sometimes contradictory.

Contemporary Social Contract Theory and Hegel’s Master/Bondsman-Relation

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Arthur Kok
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rational Argumentation ◽  
Limited Scope

This contribution investigates whether Hegel’s critique of social contract theory is still applicable to contemporary contract theory proposed by, e. g., Rawls and Nozick. At first sight, they seem to have overcome the problems identified by Hegel because Rawls and Nozick appropriate the social contract as something essentially rational and normative (though in different ways). I argue, however, that for Hegel, their appeal to rational argumentation is not compatible with the concreteness of human individuals. A revised reading of the master/ bondsman-relation, emphasizing the role of the “fear of death”, shows the limited scope of contemporary contract theory.

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