scholarly journals Sensing and structural characteristics of TiO2 thick film for LPG sensor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Sharma ◽  
Ankit Kumar Vishwakarma ◽  
Lallan Yadava
Keyword(s):  
Thick Film ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Lpg Sensor

LPG sensing investigation of (Sn-Ti)O2 system based nanocomposite at Room Temperature

2016 ◽  
pp. 3252-3264
Author(s):  
Tripti Shukla ◽  
S.K. Omanwar
Keyword(s):  
Thick Film ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Pure Tio2 ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Lpg Sensor ◽  
Screen Printing Technique ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Gas Chamber

Present work reports the synthesis of pure TiO2 and (Sn-Ti)O2 nanocomposite, its characterization and performance asLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Sensor. Thick films of both the materials were prepared by using screen printing technique. After that these were investigated through SEM. SEM image of pure TiO2 shows that grains are random in shape having pores. The grains observed on the (Sn-Ti)O2 thick-film surface are spherical in shape and more porous than pure TiO2. Further at room temperature, the films were exposed to LPG in a controlled gas chamber and variations in resistance with the concentrations of LPG were observed. The maximum value of average sensitivity for pure TiO2 and (Sn-Ti)O2 thick-film were found 3.0 and 11 respectively for 2 vol.% of LPG. Sensor responses as a function of exposure and response times were also estimated and maximum sensor response for pure TiO2 and (Sn-Ti)O2 thick-film were found 207 and 1040 respectively.

A High Resolution Study of G.P. Zones in Aluminum - 4.2 at % Silver

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 722-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gronsky
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Resolution Study

The phenomenon of clustering in Al-Ag alloys has been extensively studied since the early work of Guinierl, wherein the pre-precipitation state was characterized as an assembly of spherical, ordered, silver-rich G.P. zones. Subsequent x-ray and TEM investigations yielded results in general agreement with this model. However, serious discrepancies were later revealed by the detailed x-ray diffraction - based computer simulations of Gragg and Cohen, i.e., the silver-rich clusters were instead octahedral in shape and fully disordered, atleast below 170°C. The object of the present investigation is to examine directly the structural characteristics of G.P. zones in Al-Ag by high resolution transmission electron microscopy.

SEM analysis of the change in the reaction rates with deposit structures in the copper-iron cementation system

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
V. Annamalai ◽  
L.E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Emission Mode ◽  
Scrap Iron ◽  
Image Position

Economical recovery of copper metal from leach liquors has been carried out by the simple process of cementing copper onto a suitable substrate metal, such as scrap-iron, since the 16th century. The process has, however, a major drawback of consuming more iron than stoichiometrically needed by the reaction.Therefore, many research groups started looking into the process more closely. Though it is accepted that the structural characteristics of the resultant copper deposit cause changes in reaction rates for various experimental conditions, not many systems have been systematically investigated. This paper examines the deposit structures and the kinetic data, and explains the correlations between them.A simple cementation cell along with rotating discs of pure iron (99.9%) were employed in this study to obtain the kinetic results The resultant copper deposits were studied in a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer HHS-2R scanning electron microscope operated at 25kV in the secondary electron emission mode.

Use of 2½ D imaging in analysis of NiTi martensite

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 610-611
Author(s):  
G. M. Michal
Keyword(s):  
Memory Effect ◽  
Monoclinic Phase ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Martensite Phase ◽  
Orientation Relationships ◽  
Low Symmetry ◽  
Hydride Phases ◽  
Unusual Shape

Several TEM investigations have attempted to correlate the structural characteristics to the unusual shape memory effect in NiTi, the consensus being the essence of the memory effect is ostensible manifest in the structure of NiTi transforming martensitic- ally from a B2 ordered lattice to a low temperature monoclinic phase. Commensurate with the low symmetry of the martensite phase, many variants may form from the B2 lattice explaining the very complex transformed microstructure. The microstructure may also be complicated by the enhanced formation of oxide or hydride phases and precipitation of intermetallic compounds by electron beam exposure. Variants are typically found in selfaccommodation groups with members of a group internally twinned and the twins themselves are often observed to be internally twinned. Often the most salient feature of a group of variants is their close clustering around a given orientation. Analysis of such orientation relationships may be a key to determining the nature of the reaction path that gives the transformation its apparently perfect reversibility.

Scanning Electron Microscopy in Hybrid Microelectronics

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
S. Khadpe ◽  
R. Faryniak
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Hybrid Microcircuit ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an important tool in Thick Film Hybrid Microcircuits Manufacturing because of its large depth of focus and three dimensional capability. This paper discusses some of the important areas in which the SEM is used to monitor process control and component failure modes during the various stages of manufacture of a typical hybrid microcircuit.Figure 1 shows a thick film hybrid microcircuit used in a Motorola Paging Receiver. The circuit consists of thick film resistors and conductors screened and fired on a ceramic (aluminum oxide) substrate. Two integrated circuit dice are bonded to the conductors by means of conductive epoxy and electrical connections from each integrated circuit to the substrate are made by ultrasonically bonding 1 mil aluminum wires from the die pads to appropriate conductor pads on the substrate. In addition to the integrated circuits and the resistors, the circuit includes seven chip capacitors soldered onto the substrate. Some of the important considerations involved in the selection and reliability aspects of the hybrid circuit components are: (a) the quality of the substrate; (b) the surface structure of the thick film conductors; (c) the metallization characteristics of the integrated circuit; and (d) the quality of the wire bond interconnections.

Use of light microscopy in the qualitative and quantitative study of liquid crystalline order

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
Christopher Viney
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Order ◽  
Liquid Crystalline Phases ◽  
Convenient Technique ◽  
Liquid Crystalline Materials ◽  
Transparent Windows

Light microscopy is a convenient technique for characterizing molecular order in fluid liquid crystalline materials. Microstructures can usually be observed under the actual conditions that promote the formation of liquid crystalline phases, whether or not a solvent is required, and at temperatures that can range from the boiling point of nitrogen to 600°C. It is relatively easy to produce specimens that are sufficiently thin and flat, simply by confining a droplet between glass cover slides. Specimens do not need to be conducting, and they do not have to be maintained in a vacuum. Drybox or other controlled environmental conditions can be maintained in a sealed chamber equipped with transparent windows; some heating/ freezing stages can be used for this purpose. It is relatively easy to construct a modified stage so that the generation and relaxation of global molecular order can be observed while specimens are being sheared, simulating flow conditions that exist during processing. Also, light only rarely affects the chemical composition or molecular weight distribution of the sample. Because little or no processing is required after collecting the sample, one can be confident that biologically derived materials will reveal many of their in vivo structural characteristics, even though microscopy is performed in vitro.

Ascidian Mitochondrial tRNAMet Possessing Unique Structural Characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Kondow ◽  
Shin-ichi Yokobori ◽  
Takuya Ueda ◽  
Kimitsuna Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics
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