Assessment of the impact of ship emissions on air quality based on a complete annual emission inventory using AIS data for the port of Naples

Abstract. Ship emissions in and around ports are of interest for urban air quality management in many harbour cities. We investigated the impact of regional and local ship emissions on urban air quality for 2012 conditions in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, the largest cargo port in Scandinavia. In order to assess the effects of ship emissions, a coupled regional- and local-scale model system has been set up using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea as well as in and around the port of Gothenburg. Ship emissions were calculated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM), taking into account individual vessel characteristics and vessel activity data. The calculated contributions from local and regional shipping to local air pollution in Gothenburg were found to be substantial, especially in areas around the city ports. The relative contribution from local shipping to annual mean NO2 concentrations was 14 % as the model domain average, while the relative contribution from regional shipping in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was 26 %. In an area close to the city terminals, the contribution of NO2 from local shipping (33 %) was higher than that of road traffic (28 %), which indicates the importance of controlling local shipping emissions. Local shipping emissions of NOx led to a decrease in the summer mean O3 levels in the city by 0.5 ppb (∼2 %) on average. Regional shipping led to a slight increase in O3 concentrations; however, the overall effect of regional and the local shipping together was a small decrease in the summer mean O3 concentrations in the city. In addition, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from local shipping compensate up to 4 ppb of the decrease in summer O3 concentrations due to the NO titration effect. For particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5), local ship emissions contributed only 3 % to the annual mean in the model domain, while regional shipping under 2012 conditions was a larger contributor, with an annual mean contribution of 11 % of the city domain average. Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the health effects of PM2.5, NO2 and ozone were assessed using the ALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean decrease in the life expectancy by 0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of local shipping to the impact of total PM2.5 was 2.2 %, which can be compared to the 5.3 % contribution from local road traffic. The relative contribution of the regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated with shipping were calculated to be 2.6 premature deaths yr−1. The relative contribution of local and regional shipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was 14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping-related ozone exposures were due to the NO titration effect leading to a negative number of premature deaths. Our study shows that overall health impacts of regional shipping can be more significant than those of local shipping, emphasizing that abatement policy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation across governance levels. Our findings indicate that the strengthened Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECAs) fuel sulphur limit from 1 % to 0.1 % in 2015, leading to a strong decrease in the formation of secondary particulate matter on a regional scale was an important step in improving the air quality in the city.

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Are contributions of emissions to ozone a matter of scale? – a study using MECO(n) (MESSy v2.50)

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-13-363-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 363-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mariano Mertens ◽

Astrid Kerkweg ◽

Volker Grewe ◽

Patrick Jöckel ◽

Robert Sausen

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Source Apportionment ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Climate Model ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Model Resolution ◽

Regional Models ◽

Continental Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

Apportionment Methods

Abstract. Anthropogenic and natural emissions influence the tropospheric ozone budget, thereby affecting air quality and climate. To study the influence of different emission sources on the ozone budget, often source apportionment studies with a tagged tracer approach are performed. Studies investigating air quality issues usually rely on regional models with a fine spatial resolution, while studies focusing on climate-related questions often use coarsely resolved global models. It is well known that simulated ozone mixing ratios depend on the resolution of the model and the resolution of the emission inventory. Whether the contributions simulated using source apportionment approaches also depend on the model resolution, however, is still unclear. Therefore, this study attempts for the first time to analyse the impact of the model, the model resolution, and the emission inventory resolution on simulated ozone contributions using a diagnostic tagging method. The differences in the ozone contributions caused by these factors are compared with differences that arise from the usage of different emission inventories. To do so, we apply the MECO(n) (MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times) model system which couples online a global chemistry-climate model with a regional chemistry-climate model equipped with a tagging scheme for source apportionment. The results of the global model (at 300 km horizontal resolution) are compared with the results of the regional model at 50 km (Europe) and 12 km (Germany) resolutions. Besides model-specific differences and biases that are discussed in detail, our results have important implications for other modelling studies and modellers applying source apportionment methods. First, contributions from anthropogenic emissions averaged over the continental scale are quite robust with respect to the model, model resolution, and emission inventory resolution. Second, differences on the regional scale caused by different models and model resolutions can be quite large, and regional models are indispensable for source apportionment studies on the subcontinental scale. Third, contributions from stratospheric ozone transported to the surface differ strongly between the models, mainly caused by differences in the efficiency of the vertical mixing. As stratospheric ozone plays an important role for ground level ozone, but the models show large differences in the amount of downward transported ozone, source apportionment methods should account for this source explicitly to better understand inter-model differences.

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The contribution of shipping to air pollution in the Mediterranean region – a model evaluation study

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8344 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lea Fink ◽

Volker Matthias ◽

Matthias Karl ◽

Ronny Petrik ◽

Elisa Majamäki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Mediterranean Coast ◽

Emission Model ◽

Ship Emissions ◽

Scale Models ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

The Impact

Shipping has major contribution to emissions of air pollutants like NOx and SO2 and the global maritime transport volumes are projected to increase significantly. The Mediterranean Sea is a region with dense ship traffic. Air quality observations in many cities along the Mediterranean coast indicate high levels of NO2 and particulate matter with significant contributions from ship emissions. To quantify the current impact of shipping on air pollution, models for ship emissions and atmospheric transport can be applied, but model predictions may differ from observational data. To determine how well regional scale chemistry transport models simulate pollutant concentrations, the model outputs from several regional scale models were compared against each other and to measured data. In the framework of the EU H2020 project SCIPPER, ship emission model STEAM and the regional scale models CMAQ and CHIMERE model were applied on a modelling domain covering the Mediterranean Sea. Modeling results were compared to air quality observations at coastal locations. The impact of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea was extracted from the model excluding shipping emissions.&#160;

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An AIS-based emission inventory and the impact on air quality in Tianjin port based on localized emission factors

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146869 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 783 ◽

pp. 146869

Author(s):

Lei Yang ◽

Qijun Zhang ◽

Yanjie Zhang ◽

Zongyan Lv ◽

Yanan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Emission Factors ◽

The Impact

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Supplementary material to "The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part I: 2012 emissions"

10.5194/acp-2020-94-supplement ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Tang ◽

Martin O. P. Ramacher ◽

Jana Moldanová ◽

Volker Matthias ◽

Matthias Karl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Human Health ◽

Ship Emissions ◽

Supplementary Material ◽

The Impact

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Atmospheric Pollution Impact Assessment of Brick and Tile Industry: A Case Study of Xinmi City in Zhengzhou, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042414 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2414

Author(s):

Liuzhen Xie ◽

Qixiang Xu ◽

Ruidong He

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Census Data ◽

Emission Control ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Point Sources ◽

Control Measures ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Brick And Tile ◽

The Impact

The brick and tile industry was selected to investigate the impact of pollutants emitted from such industry on air quality. Based on the 2018 Zhengzhou City Census data and combined with field sampling and research visits, an emission inventory of the brick and tile industry in Xinmi City was established using the emission factor method. Based on the established emission inventory, the concentrations of SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emitted by 31 brick and tile enterprises were then predicted using the CALPUFF model (California puff model, USEPA), which had been evaluated for accuracy, and the simulation results were compared with the observed results to obtain the impact of pollutant emissions from the brick and tile industry on air pollution in the simulated region. Results show that SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emissions from the brick and tile industry in the study area in 2018 were 564.86 tons, 513.16 tons, and 41.01 tons, respectively. The CALPUFF model can simulate the characteristics of meteorological changes and pollutant concentration trends, and the correlation coefficient of the fit curve between the pollutant observed data and the simulated data was higher than 0.8, which can reproduce the impact of key industrial point sources on air quality well. The simulated concentration values and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of SO2, NOX, PM2.5 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were obtained from the model simulations. The contribution of pollutant emissions from the brick and tile industry to the monthly average concentrations of SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 in the simulated region were 6.58%, 5.38%, and 1.42%, respectively, with the Housing Administration monitoring station as the receptor point. The brick and tile industry should increase the emission control measures of SO2 and NOX, and at the same time, the emission control of PM2.5 cannot be slackened.

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Evaluation of different control measures in 2014 to mitigate the impact of ship emissions on air quality in the Pearl River Delta, China

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116911 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 216 ◽

pp. 116911 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dongsheng Chen ◽

Ying Zhang ◽

Jianlei Lang ◽

Ying Zhou ◽

Yue Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Pearl River Delta ◽

River Delta ◽

Control Measures ◽

Pearl River ◽

Ship Emissions ◽

The Pearl River Delta ◽

The Pearl River ◽

The Impact

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Combining Chemical Composition Data and Numerical Modelling for the Assessment of Air Quality in a Mediterranean Port City

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2181

Author(s):

Rita Cesari ◽

Alessandra Genga ◽

Riccardo Buccolieri ◽

Silvana Di Sabatino ◽

Maria Siciliano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Numerical Modelling ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Port City ◽

Ship Emissions ◽

Port Area ◽

Average Impact ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study is to characterize the air quality in a Mediterranean port city. The impact of ship emissions on both gaseous and particulate pollutants has been investigated through an integrated methodology which includes atmospheric flow and dispersion numerical modelling as well as chemical composition and statistical analyses. Specifically, chemical compositional data (ionic fraction, carbonaceous compounds, and metals) of PM2.5 were acquired during an experimental field campaign carried out in the port city of Brindisi (Apulia Region, Southern Italy). The sampling site was located on the roof of a building (ASI) within the port area. Given the complexity of the site in which both domestic buildings and a large industrial area are present, analyses were done by selecting different wind sectors to test different techniques to discriminate between sources. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to evaluate statistical differences in the composition of PM2.5 sampled within the area when the sampling site was downwind to the port or to the urban-industrial area. Only LDA allowed to discriminate the separation between urban-industrial and port macroareas. Those results were further confirmed in terms of PM2.5 concentrations directly associated to ship emissions using a coupled modelling approach. The mesoscale model BOLCHEM was used to investigate the contribution of ship emissions both on primary and secondary PM2.5 concentration in the area surrounding the port, as well as on PM10, NOX and O3 concentrations. Then, the model was coupled offline with the local dispersion model ADMS-Urban. The adopted approach was crucial to evaluate the spatial distribution of the impact of ship emissions. BOLCHEM results showed that in the cell of the port the average impact of ship emissions on NOX was 37.6%, and −11.7% on O3. The average impact on PM2.5 was 6.1%, distributed between primary (2.7%) and secondary fraction (3.4%). At local scale, the analysis of high-resolution modelling results obtained from ADMS-Urban highlighted that, at ASI position, the impact of ship emissions on PM2.5 was 6.8% when the sampling site was positioned downwind to the port area and reduced to lower than 3.0% at about 2 km from the sources.

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Air emission inventory and application TAPM-AERMOD models to study air quality from 34 ports in Ho Chi Minh City

Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment ◽

10.32508/stdjsee.v2i2.498 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

Khue Hoang Ngoc Vu ◽

Thanh Thi Nguyet Pham ◽

Bang Quoc Ho ◽

Tam Thoai Nguyen ◽

Hang Thi Thuy Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Ho Chi Minh City ◽

The South ◽

Cargo Handling ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Port Area ◽

The Impact

The port system of Ho Chi Minh City including 34 ports, serves as the gateway to the South (including the South East and the Mekong Delta) in export and import activities. In which contribute a huge amount of pollutants to the atmosphere in Ho Chi Minh City. The objective of this study is to: (i) Calculating air emissions from ports system in Ho Chi Minh city using the SPDGIZ model which emits a large amount of air pollutants such as sulfur oxide (SOX), nitrogen oxide (NOX), fine dust (PM2.5, PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO) from large ships (Ocean going vessels - OGVs), towing ships (Harbor Crafts - HCs), cargo handling equipment (Cargo handling equipment - CHE) and other vehicles (Heavy trucks – HVs); (ii) Using dispersion model TAPM-AERMOD to assess the impact of port operations to air quality in surouding port area; (iii) Proposing abatement measures based on the results of simulation to reduce emissions/ air pollution levels. The results of emission inventory show that the total port emissions are largely NOX and SOX mainly from large ships (OGVs) and cargo handling equipment (CHE) due to the use of heavy oil and diesel which have high sulfur content. The results show that the time at which a mooring boat is the most time consuming (accounting for over 90% of total emissions from OGVs).

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