An AIS-based emission inventory and the impact on air quality in Tianjin port based on localized emission factors

Abstract. A companion paper developed a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal–spatial resolution (HTSVE) with a bottom-up methodology based on local emission factors, complemented with the widely used emission factors of COPERT model and near-real-time (NRT) traffic data on a specific road segment for 2013 in urban Beijing (Jing et al., 2016), which is used to investigate the impact of vehicle pollution on air pollution in this study. Based on the sensitivity analysis method of switching on/off pollutant emissions in the Chinese air quality forecasting model CUACE, a modelling study was carried out to evaluate the contributions of vehicle emission to the air pollution in Beijing's main urban areas in the periods of summer (July) and winter (December) 2013. Generally, the CUACE model had good performance of the concentration simulation of pollutants. The model simulation has been improved by using HTSVE. The vehicle emission contribution (VEC) to ambient pollutant concentrations not only changes with seasons but also changes with time. The mean VEC, affected by regional pollutant transports significantly, is 55.4 and 48.5 % for NO2 and 5.4 and 10.5 % for PM2.5 in July and December 2013 respectively. Regardless of regional transports, relative vehicle emission contribution (RVEC) to NO2 is 59.2 and 57.8 % in July and December 2013, while it is 8.7 and 13.9 % for PM2.5. The RVEC to PM2.5 is lower than the PM2.5 contribution rate for vehicle emission in total emission, which may be due to dry deposition of PM2.5 from vehicle emission in the near-surface layer occuring more easily than from elevated source emission.

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Assessment of the impact of ship emissions on air quality based on a complete annual emission inventory using AIS data for the port of Naples

Ocean Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 232 ◽

pp. 109166

Author(s):

Domenico Toscano ◽

Fabio Murena ◽

Franco Quaranta ◽

Luigia Mocerino

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Ship Emissions ◽

The Impact

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Are contributions of emissions to ozone a matter of scale? – a study using MECO(n) (MESSy v2.50)

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-13-363-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 363-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mariano Mertens ◽

Astrid Kerkweg ◽

Volker Grewe ◽

Patrick Jöckel ◽

Robert Sausen

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Source Apportionment ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Climate Model ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Model Resolution ◽

Regional Models ◽

Continental Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

Apportionment Methods

Abstract. Anthropogenic and natural emissions influence the tropospheric ozone budget, thereby affecting air quality and climate. To study the influence of different emission sources on the ozone budget, often source apportionment studies with a tagged tracer approach are performed. Studies investigating air quality issues usually rely on regional models with a fine spatial resolution, while studies focusing on climate-related questions often use coarsely resolved global models. It is well known that simulated ozone mixing ratios depend on the resolution of the model and the resolution of the emission inventory. Whether the contributions simulated using source apportionment approaches also depend on the model resolution, however, is still unclear. Therefore, this study attempts for the first time to analyse the impact of the model, the model resolution, and the emission inventory resolution on simulated ozone contributions using a diagnostic tagging method. The differences in the ozone contributions caused by these factors are compared with differences that arise from the usage of different emission inventories. To do so, we apply the MECO(n) (MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times) model system which couples online a global chemistry-climate model with a regional chemistry-climate model equipped with a tagging scheme for source apportionment. The results of the global model (at 300 km horizontal resolution) are compared with the results of the regional model at 50 km (Europe) and 12 km (Germany) resolutions. Besides model-specific differences and biases that are discussed in detail, our results have important implications for other modelling studies and modellers applying source apportionment methods. First, contributions from anthropogenic emissions averaged over the continental scale are quite robust with respect to the model, model resolution, and emission inventory resolution. Second, differences on the regional scale caused by different models and model resolutions can be quite large, and regional models are indispensable for source apportionment studies on the subcontinental scale. Third, contributions from stratospheric ozone transported to the surface differ strongly between the models, mainly caused by differences in the efficiency of the vertical mixing. As stratospheric ozone plays an important role for ground level ozone, but the models show large differences in the amount of downward transported ozone, source apportionment methods should account for this source explicitly to better understand inter-model differences.

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Temperature response measurements from eucalypts give insight into the impact of Australian isoprene emissions on air quality in 2050

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-20-6193-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 6193-6206

Author(s):

Kathryn M. Emmerson ◽

Malcolm Possell ◽

Michael J. Aspinwall ◽

Sebastian Pfautsch ◽

Mark G. Tjoelker

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Transport Model ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

The Impact ◽

Temperature Responses ◽

Insight Into

Abstract. Predicting future air quality in Australian cities dominated by eucalypt emissions requires an understanding of their emission potentials in a warmer climate. Here we measure the temperature response in isoprene emissions from saplings of four different Eucalyptus species grown under current and future average summertime temperature conditions. The future conditions represent a 2050 climate under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, with average daytime temperatures of 294.5 K. Ramping the temperature from 293 to 328 K resulted in these eucalypts emitting isoprene at temperatures 4–9 K higher than the default maximum emission temperature in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). New basal emission rate measurements were obtained at the standard conditions of 303 K leaf temperature and 1000 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation and converted into landscape emission factors. We applied the eucalypt temperature responses and emission factors to Australian trees within MEGAN and ran the CSIRO Chemical Transport Model for three summertime campaigns in Australia. Compared to the default model, the new temperature responses resulted in less isoprene emission in the morning and more during hot afternoons, improving the statistical fit of modelled to observed ambient isoprene. Compared to current conditions, an additional 2 ppb of isoprene is predicted in 2050, causing hourly increases up to 21 ppb of ozone and 24-hourly increases of 0.4 µg m−3 of aerosol in Sydney. A 550 ppm CO2 atmosphere in 2050 mitigates these peak Sydney ozone mixing ratios by 4 ppb. Nevertheless, these forecasted increases in ozone are up to one-fifth of the hourly Australian air quality limit, suggesting that anthropogenic NOx should be further reduced to maintain healthy air quality in future.

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A high-resolution emission inventory of primary pollutants for the Huabei region, China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-12-481-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 481-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 136

Author(s):

B. Zhao ◽

P. Wang ◽

J. Z. Ma ◽

S. Zhu ◽

A. Pozzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Cloud Microphysics ◽

Point Sources ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Environmental Research ◽

Straw Burning

Abstract. Huabei, located between 32° N and 42° N, is part of eastern China and includes administratively the Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, Hebei and Shanxi Provinces, and Inner-Mongolia Autonomous Region. Over the past decades, the region has experienced dramatic changes in air quality and climate, and has become a major focus of environmental research in China. Here we present a new inventory of air pollutant emissions in Huabei for the year 2003 developed as part of the project Influence of Pollution on Aerosols and Cloud Microphysics in North China (IPAC-NC). Our estimates are based on data from the statistical yearbooks of the state, provinces and local districts, including major sectors and activities of power generation, industrial energy consumption, industrial processing, civil energy consumption, crop straw burning, oil and solvent evaporation, manure, and motor vehicles. The emission factors are selected from a variety of literature and those from local measurements in China are used whenever available. The estimated total emissions in the Huabei administrative region in 2003 are 4.73 Tg SO2, 2.72 Tg NOx (in equivalent NO2), 1.77 Tg VOC, 24.14 Tg CO, 2.03 Tg NH3, 4.57 Tg PM10, 2.42 Tg PM2.5, 0.21 Tg EC, and 0.46 Tg OC. For model convenience, we consider a larger Huabei region with Shandong, Henan and Liaoning Provinces included in our inventory. The estimated total emissions in the larger Huabei region in 2003 are: 9.55 Tg SO2, 5.27 Tg NOx (in equivalent NO2), 3.82 Tg VOC, 46.59 Tg CO, 5.36 Tg NH3, 10.74 Tg PM10, 5.62 Tg PM2.5, 0.41 Tg EC, and 0.99 Tg OC. The estimated emission rates are projected into grid cells at a horizontal resolution of 0.1° latitude by 0.1° longitude. Our gridded emission inventory consists of area sources, which are classified into industrial, civil, traffic, and straw burning sectors, and large industrial point sources, which include 345 sets of power plants, iron and steel plants, cement plants, and chemical plants. The estimated regional NO2 emissions are about 2–3% (administrative Huabei region) or 5% (larger Huabei region) of the global anthropogenic NO2 emissions. We compare our inventory (IPAC-NC) with the global emission inventory EDGAR-CIRCE and the Asian emission inventory INTEX-B. Except for a factor of 3 lower EC emission rate in comparison with INTEX-B, the biases of the total emissions of most primary air pollutants in Huabei estimated in our inventory, with respect to EDGAR-CIRCE and INTEX-B, generally range from −30% to +40%. Large differences up to a factor of 2–3 for local emissions in some areas (e.g. Beijing and Tianjin) are found. It is recommended that the inventories based on the activity rates and emission factors for each specific year should be applied in future modeling work related to the changes in air quality and atmospheric chemistry over this region.

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Quantifying burning efficiency in Megacities using NO2/CO ratio from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4814 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Srijana Lama ◽

Sander Houweling ◽

Folkert Boersma ◽

Ilse Aben ◽

Hugo Denier van der Gon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Global Emission ◽

The Impact ◽

Emission Ratios

Economic development and rapid urbanization have increased the consumption of fossil fuel in megacities degrading the local air quality. Burning efficiency is a major factor determining the impact of fuel burning on the environment. It varies with environmental conditions and influences the ratio at which pollutants are emitted, as expressed by the emission factor. Emission factors are an important source of uncertainty in global emission inventories.To improve the quantification of burning efficiency and emission factors, this study investigates co-located NO2 and CO satellite retrievals from TROPOMI over the megacities of Tehran, Mexico City, Cairo, Riyadh, Lahore and Los Angeles. The TROPOMI instrument was successfully launched by the European Space Agency on 13 October, 2017. It measures atmospheric trace gases with daily coverage and a spatial resolution of 7x7 km2. At this resolution, TROPOMI detects hotspots of CO and NO2 pollution over megacities in single satellite overpasses. The Upwind Background and Plume rotation methods are applied to quantify and evaluate TROPOMI derived &#8710;NO2/&#8710;CO ratios. TROPOMI derived &#8710;NO2/&#8710;CO ratios show a strong correlation (r = 0.85 and 0.7) with emission ratios from the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2) and Monitoring Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate and CityZen (MACCity) 2018, with the highest ratio for Riyadh and lowest for Lahore. Inventory-derived emission ratios are larger than TROPOMI-derived total column ratios by 60 to 80%. As we will show, this can largely be explained by the limited lifetime of NO2 and the different vertical sensitivity of the TROPOMI NO2 and CO column retrievals. Taking this into account, TROPOMI retrieved emission ratios are generally within 10 to 25% of MACCity. However, larger differences, up to 80%, are found with EDGAR. For Los Angeles, both inventories overestimate NO2/CO ratios compared with TROPOMI. Validation using the air quality monitoring network of Los Angeles supports the lower &#8710;NO2/&#8710;CO ratios inferred from TROPOMI, indicating that burning efficiencies in Los Angeles are indeed poorer than indicated by the inventories.&#160;

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Atmospheric Pollution Impact Assessment of Brick and Tile Industry: A Case Study of Xinmi City in Zhengzhou, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042414 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2414

Author(s):

Liuzhen Xie ◽

Qixiang Xu ◽

Ruidong He

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Census Data ◽

Emission Control ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Point Sources ◽

Control Measures ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Brick And Tile ◽

The Impact

The brick and tile industry was selected to investigate the impact of pollutants emitted from such industry on air quality. Based on the 2018 Zhengzhou City Census data and combined with field sampling and research visits, an emission inventory of the brick and tile industry in Xinmi City was established using the emission factor method. Based on the established emission inventory, the concentrations of SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emitted by 31 brick and tile enterprises were then predicted using the CALPUFF model (California puff model, USEPA), which had been evaluated for accuracy, and the simulation results were compared with the observed results to obtain the impact of pollutant emissions from the brick and tile industry on air pollution in the simulated region. Results show that SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emissions from the brick and tile industry in the study area in 2018 were 564.86 tons, 513.16 tons, and 41.01 tons, respectively. The CALPUFF model can simulate the characteristics of meteorological changes and pollutant concentration trends, and the correlation coefficient of the fit curve between the pollutant observed data and the simulated data was higher than 0.8, which can reproduce the impact of key industrial point sources on air quality well. The simulated concentration values and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of SO2, NOX, PM2.5 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were obtained from the model simulations. The contribution of pollutant emissions from the brick and tile industry to the monthly average concentrations of SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 in the simulated region were 6.58%, 5.38%, and 1.42%, respectively, with the Housing Administration monitoring station as the receptor point. The brick and tile industry should increase the emission control measures of SO2 and NOX, and at the same time, the emission control of PM2.5 cannot be slackened.

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Temperature response measurements from eucalypts give insight into the impact of Australian isoprene emissions on air quality in 2050

10.5194/acp-2020-83 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kathryn M. Emmerson ◽

Malcolm Possell ◽

Michael J. Aspinwall ◽

Sebastian Pfautsch ◽

Mark G. Tjoelker

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Transport Model ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

The Impact ◽

Temperature Responses ◽

Insight Into

Abstract. Predicting future air quality in Australian cities dominated by eucalypt emissions requires an understanding of their emission potentials in a warmer climate. Here we measure the temperature response in isoprene emissions from saplings of four different Eucalyptus species grown under current and future average summertime temperature conditions. The future conditions represent a 2050 climate under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, with average daytime temperatures of 294.5 K. Ramping the temperature from 293 K to 328 K resulted in these eucalypts emitting isoprene at temperatures 4–9 K higher than default maximum emission temperature in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). New basal emission rate measurements were obtained at the standard conditions of 303 K leaf temperature and 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation and converted into landscape emission factors. We applied the eucalypt temperature responses and emission factors to Australian trees within MEGAN and ran the CSIRO Chemical Transport Model for three summertime campaigns in Australia. Compared to the default model, the new temperature responses resulted in less isoprene emission in the morning and more during hot afternoons, improving the statistical fit of modelled to observed ambient isoprene. Compared to current conditions, an additional 2 ppb of isoprene is predicted in 2050 causing hourly increases up to 21 ppb of ozone and 24-hourly increases of 0.4 μg m−3 of aerosol in Sydney. This forecasted increase in ozone is one fifth of the hourly Australian air quality limit and suggests anthropogenic NOx should be further reduced to maintain healthy air quality in future.

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Forty years of improvements in European air quality: regional policy-industry interactions with global impacts

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-16-3825-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 3825-3841 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Monica Crippa ◽

Greet Janssens-Maenhout ◽

Frank Dentener ◽

Diego Guizzardi ◽

Katerina Sindelarova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

European Union ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Air Quality ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Reduced Form ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The EDGARv4.3.1 (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) global anthropogenic emissions inventory of gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon) air pollutants for the period 1970–2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emissions scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in energy consumption and efficiency, technology progress and end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields at European and global scale. The reference EDGARv4.3.1 emissions include observed and reported changes in activity data, fuel consumption and air pollution abatement technologies over the past 4 decades, combined with Tier 1 and region-specific Tier 2 emission factors. Two further retrospective scenarios assess the interplay of policy and industry. The highest emission STAG_TECH scenario assesses the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe reduction measures in the European Union, by considering historical fuel consumption, along with a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors since 1970, and assuming no further abatement measures and improvement imposed by European emission standards. The lowest emission STAG_ENERGY scenario evaluates the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy consumption since the year 1970, but assuming the technological development, end-of-pipe reductions, fuel mix and energy efficiency of 2010. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject to multi-pollutant European Union Air Quality regulations. Stagnation of technology and air pollution reduction measures at 1970 levels would have led to 129 % (or factor 2.3) higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions in Europe (EU27), demonstrating the large role that technology has played in reducing emissions in 2010. However, stagnation of energy consumption at 1970 levels, but with 2010 fuel mix and energy efficiency, and assuming current (year 2010) technology and emission control standards, would have lowered today's NOx emissions by ca. 38 %, SO2 by 50 % and PM2.5 by 12 % in Europe. A reduced-form chemical transport model is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the associated impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of EU technologies and standards inside as well as outside Europe. We assess that the interplay of policy and technological advance in Europe had substantial benefits in Europe, but also led to an important improvement of particulate matter air quality in other parts of the world.

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Air emission inventory and application TAPM-AERMOD models to study air quality from 34 ports in Ho Chi Minh City

Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment ◽

10.32508/stdjsee.v2i2.498 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

Khue Hoang Ngoc Vu ◽

Thanh Thi Nguyet Pham ◽

Bang Quoc Ho ◽

Tam Thoai Nguyen ◽

Hang Thi Thuy Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Ho Chi Minh City ◽

The South ◽

Cargo Handling ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Port Area ◽

The Impact

The port system of Ho Chi Minh City including 34 ports, serves as the gateway to the South (including the South East and the Mekong Delta) in export and import activities. In which contribute a huge amount of pollutants to the atmosphere in Ho Chi Minh City. The objective of this study is to: (i) Calculating air emissions from ports system in Ho Chi Minh city using the SPDGIZ model which emits a large amount of air pollutants such as sulfur oxide (SOX), nitrogen oxide (NOX), fine dust (PM2.5, PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO) from large ships (Ocean going vessels - OGVs), towing ships (Harbor Crafts - HCs), cargo handling equipment (Cargo handling equipment - CHE) and other vehicles (Heavy trucks – HVs); (ii) Using dispersion model TAPM-AERMOD to assess the impact of port operations to air quality in surouding port area; (iii) Proposing abatement measures based on the results of simulation to reduce emissions/ air pollution levels. The results of emission inventory show that the total port emissions are largely NOX and SOX mainly from large ships (OGVs) and cargo handling equipment (CHE) due to the use of heavy oil and diesel which have high sulfur content. The results show that the time at which a mooring boat is the most time consuming (accounting for over 90% of total emissions from OGVs).

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