Relative shrinkage of adipocytes by paraffin in proportion to plastic embedding in human adipose tissue before and after weight loss

1. Glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose diphosphate, glycerol phosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose have been measured in human adipose tissue and blood from obese subjects under fed and fasting conditions and in obese diabetic and non-diabetic subjects before and after an oral glucose load (100 g). 2. Adipose tissue metabolites expressed as nmol/g wet weight correlated inversely with adipocyte diameter. 3. After fasting, fructose diphosphate and glycerol phosphate in adipose tissue decreased significantly. 4. The basal concentrations of metabolites in blood and adipose tissue were maintained at similar concentrations in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects despite very different blood glucose concentrations. 5. The significant increase in adipose tissue glucose 6-phosphate after the glucose load seen in the non-diabetic but not in the diabetic subjects suggests that glucose uptake is decreased in the diabetic adipocyte.

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Effects of obesity and weight loss on the expression of proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism in human adipose tissue

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802110 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1379-1385 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

RM Fisher ◽

J Hoffstedt ◽

GS Hotamisligil ◽

A Thörne ◽

M Rydén

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Human Adipose Tissue

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Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00110.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 285 (3) ◽

pp. E527-E533 ◽

Cited By ~ 438

Author(s):

Jens M. Bruun ◽

Aina S. Lihn ◽

Camilla Verdich ◽

Steen B. Pedersen ◽

Søren Toubro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Plasma Adiponectin ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Adiponectin Mrna ◽

Before And After

Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-specific protein that is abundantly present in the circulation and suggested to be involved in insulin sensitivity and development of atherosclerosis. Because cytokines are suggested to regulate adiponectin, the aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction between adiponectin and three adipose tissue-derived cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). The study was divided into three substudies as follows: 1) plasma adiponectin and mRNA levels in adipose tissue biopsies from obese subjects [mean body mass index (BMI): 39.7 kg/m2, n = 6] before and after weight loss; 2) plasma adiponectin in obese men (mean BMI: 38.7 kg/m2, n = 19) compared with lean men (mean BMI: 23.4 kg/m2, n = 10) before and after weight loss; and 3) in vitro direct effects of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α on adiponectin mRNA levels in adipose tissue cultures. The results were that 1) weight loss resulted in a 51% ( P < 0.05) increase in plasma adiponectin and a 45% ( P < 0.05) increase in adipose tissue mRNA levels; 2) plasma adiponectin was 53% ( P < 0.01) higher in lean compared with obese men, and plasma adiponectin was inversely correlated with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and IL-6; and 3) TNF-α ( P < 0.01) and IL-6 plus its soluble receptor ( P < 0.05) decreased adiponectin mRNA levels in vitro. The inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin and cytokines in vivo and the cytokine-induced reduction in adiponectin mRNA in vitro suggests that endogenous cytokines may inhibit adiponectin. This could be of importance for the association between cytokines (e.g., IL-6) and insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.

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Autocrine/Paracrine Role of Inflammation-Mediated Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Expression in Human Adipose Tissue

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2004-1424 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 146 (6) ◽

pp. 2699-2708 ◽

Cited By ~ 115

Author(s):

Philippe Linscheid ◽

Dalma Seboek ◽

Henryk Zulewski ◽

Ulrich Keller ◽

Beat Müller

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Adipogenic Differentiation ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Immunological Methods ◽

Glycerol Release ◽

Related Peptide ◽

Metabolic Role ◽

Before And After

Abstract Human adipose tissue is a contributor to inflammation- and sepsis-induced elevation of serum procalcitonin (ProCT). Several calcitonin (CT) peptides, including ProCT, CT gene-related peptide (CGRP), and adrenomedullin (ADM) are suspected mediators in human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression, interactions, and potential roles of adipocyte-derived CT peptide production. Expression of CT peptide-specific transcripts was analyzed by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR in human adipose tissue biopsies and three different inflammation-challenged human adipocyte models. ProCT, CGRP, and ADM secretions were assessed by immunological methods. Adipocyte transcriptional activity, glycerol release, and insulin-mediated glucose transport were studied after exogenous CGRP and ADM exposure. With the exception of amylin, CT peptides were expressed in adipose tissue biopsies from septic patients, inflammation-activated mature explanted adipocytes, and macrophage-activated preadipocyte-derived adipocytes. ProCT and CGRP productions were significantly augmented in IL-1β and lipopolysaccharide-challenged mesenchymal stem cell-derived adipocytes but not in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. In contrast, ADM expression occurred before and after adipogenic differentiation. Interferon-γ coadministration inhibited IL-1β-mediated ProCT and CGRP secretion by 78 and 34%, respectively but augmented IL-1β-mediated ADM secretion by 50%. Exogenous CGRP and ADM administration induced CT, CGRP I, and CGRP II mRNAs and dose-dependently (10−10 and 10−6m) enhanced glycerol release. In contrast, no CGRP- and ADM-mediated effects were noted on ADM, TNFα, and IL-1β mRNA abundances. In summary, CGRP and ADM are two differentially regulated novel adipose tissue secretion factors exerting autocrine/paracrine roles. Their lipolytic effect (glycerol release) suggests a metabolic role in adipocytes during inflammation.

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Androgen generation in adipose tissue in women with simple obesity – a site-specific role for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.1.05762 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 183 (2) ◽

pp. 331-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Marcus Quinkler ◽

Binayak Sinha ◽

Jeremy W Tomlinson ◽

Iwona J Bujalska ◽

Paul M Stewart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Androgen Synthesis ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Simple Obesity ◽

Omental Fat

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have high circulating androgens, thought to originate from ovaries and adrenals, and frequently suffer from the metabolic syndrome including obesity. However, serum androgens are positively associated with body mass index (BMI) not only in PCOS, but also in simple obesity, suggesting androgen synthesis within adipose tissue. Thus we investigated androgen generation in human adipose tissue, including expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) isozymes, important regulators of sex steroid metabolism. Paired omental and subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained from 27 healthy women undergoing elective abdominal surgery (age range 30–50 years; BMI 19.7–39.2 kg/m2). Enzymatic activity assays in preadipocyte proliferation cultures revealed effcient conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in both subcutaneous and omental fat. RT-PCR of whole fat and preadipocytes of subcutaneous and omental origin showed expression of 17β-HSD types 4 and 5, but no relevant expression of 17β-HSD types 1, 2, or 3. Microarray analysis confirmed this expression pattern (17β-HSD5>17β-HSD4) and suggested a higher expression of 17β-HSD5 in subcutaneous fat. Accordingly, quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed significantly higher expression of 17β-HSD5 in subcutaneous compared with omental fat (P<0.05). 17β-HSD5 expression in subcutaneous, but not omental, whole fat correlated significantly with BMI (r=0.51, P<0.05). In keeping with these findings, 17β-HSD5 expression in subcutaneous fat biopsies from six women taking part in a weight loss study decreased significantly with weight loss (P<0.05). A role for 17β-HSD5 in adipocyte differentiation was further supported by the observed increase in 17β-HSD5 expression upon differentiation of stromal preadipocytes to mature adipocytes (n=5; P<0.005), which again was higher in cells of subcutaneous origin. Functional activity of 17β-HSD5 also significantly increased with differentiation, revealing a net gain in androgen activation (androstenedione to testosterone) in subcutaneous cultures, contrasting with a net gain in androgen inactivation (testosterone to androstenedione) in omental cultures. Thus, human adipose tissue is capable of active androgen synthesis catalysed by 17β-HSD5, and increased expression in obesity may contribute to circulating androgen excess.

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CIDEC/FSP27 and PLIN1 gene expression run in parallel to mitochondrial genes in human adipose tissue, both increasing after weight loss

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/ijo.2013.171 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 865-872 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J M Moreno-Navarrete ◽

F Ortega ◽

M Serrano ◽

J I Rodriguez-Hermosa ◽

W Ricart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Mitochondrial Genes

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Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cryopreservation and Thawing Decreaseα4-Integrin Expression

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/2562718 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ana Carolina Irioda ◽

Rafael Cassilha ◽

Larissa Zocche ◽

Julio Cesar Francisco ◽

Ricardo Correa Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Phenotypic Expression ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Integrin Expression ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Before And After

Aim. The effects of cryopreservation on adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells are not clearly documented, as there is a growing body of evidence about the importance of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative therapies. The aim of this study was to analyze human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells phenotypic expression (CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD49d), colony forming unit ability, viability, and differentiation potential before and after cryopreservation.Materials and Methods. 12 samples of the adipose tissue were collected from a healthy donor using the liposuction technique. The cell isolation was performed by enzymatic digestion and then the cells were cultured up to passage 2. Before and after cryopreservation the immunophenotype, cellular viability analysis by flow cytometer, colony forming units ability, differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts as demonstrated by Oil Red O and Alizarin Red staining, respectively.Results. The immunophenotypic markers expression was largely preserved, and their multipotency was maintained. However, after cryopreservation, the cells decreasedα4-integrin expression (CD49d), cell viability, and number of colony forming units.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADMSC transplanted after cryopreservation might compromise the retention of transplanted cells in the host tissue. Therefore, further studies are warranted to standardize protocols related to cryopreservation to attain full benefits of stem cell therapy.

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