Spent activated carbon (SAC) usually exhibits a low specific surface area due to its high ash contents. In this study, pre-treatments, such as heat and acid treatments, were optimized to improve this feature. The heat pre-treatment did not reduce the ash content, nor did it increase the surface area. Because metallic ions adsorbed in SACs turn into ash upon the heat treatment. In the acid pre-treatment, the volatiles and fixed carbon were increased with decreasing ash contents. In this study, it was found that the surface area increase was correlated with the ratio between fixed carbon and ash. Among the pre-treatment methods, the combined heat and acid pre-treatment method highly increased the ratio, and therefore led to the surface area increase. Additionally, the acid pre-treatment was carried out using different types of acid (organic and inorganic acids) solutions to further improve the surface areas. The organic acid treatment caused a significant structural collapse compared to the inorganic acid treatment, decreasing the surface area. In particular, H3PO4 effectively removed ashes adsorbed on the activated carbon surface and regenerated the exhausted activated carbon. Both the heat and acid pre-treatments before chemical activation resulted in the positive effects such as strong desorption of pollutants and ashes within the internal structure of the activated carbon. Therefore, the regeneration introduced in this study is methodically the best method to regenerate SAC and maintain a stable structure.
Investigation of Three Pre-treatment Methods Prior to Nanofiltration Membrane for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment
