Are green roofs the path to clean air and low carbon cities?

2021 ◽  
pp. 149313
Author(s):  
S. Rafael ◽  
L.P. Correia ◽  
A. Ascenso ◽  
B. Augusto ◽  
D. Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Roofs ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Clean Air

scholarly journals Distributed Biomanufacturing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hoeven ◽  
John M. X. Hughes ◽  
Mohamed Amer ◽  
Emilia Z. Wojcik ◽  
Shirley Tait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sterile Seawater ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Clean Air

AbstractLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a major domestic and transport fuel. Its combustion lessens NOx, greenhouse gas and particulates emissions compared to other fuels. Propane – the major constituent of LPG – is a clean, high value ‘drop-in’ fuel that can help governments develop integrated fuels and energy policies with low carbon burden, providing solutions to the multi-faceted challenges of future energy supply. We show that bio-LPG (bio-propane and bio-butane) can be produced by microbial conversion of waste volatile fatty acids that can be derived from anaerobic digestion, industrial waste, or CO2via photosynthesis. Bio-LPG production was achieved photo-catalytically, using biomass propagated from bioengineered bacteria includingE. coli, Halomonas(in non-sterile seawater), andSynechocystis(photosynthetic). These fuel generation routes could be implemented rapidly in advanced and developing nations of the world to meet energy needs, global carbon reduction targets and clean air directives.

scholarly journals Evaluating Ecological and Economic Benefits of a Low-Carbon Industrial Park Based on Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Chen ◽  
Guoxuan He ◽  
Jin Yang ◽  
Jieru Zhang ◽  
Meirong Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Industrial Park ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Ecosystem Assessment ◽  
Regulation Services

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) framework was modified with a special focus on ecosystem service values. A case study of a typical low-carbon industrial park in Beijing was conducted to assess the ecological and economic benefits. The total economic value of this industrial park per year is estimated to be1.37×108 RMB yuan, where the accommodating and social cultural services are the largest two contributors. Due to the construction of small grasslands or green roofs, considerable environmental regulation services are also provided by the park. However, compared with an ecoindustrial park, carbon mitigation is the most prominent service for the low-carbon industrial park. It can be concluded that low-carbon industrial park construction is an efficacious way to achieve coordinated development of society, economy, and environment, and a promising approach to achieving energy saving and carbon reduction.

scholarly journals Creating a low-carbon campus in Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Tao-Ming Cheng ◽  
Hwa-Nan Chang ◽  
Clive Yen ◽  
Ming-Hsiung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
University Of Technology

Founded in 1994, the campus of Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT) is located in the suburban area of Taichung, Taiwan. In 2009, the president of CYUT signed the Talloires Declaration to show his commitment for promoting environmental sustainability on campus. In 2012, CYUT and many other universities in Taiwan cofounded the Green University Union of Taiwan (GUUT) to collaboratively promote the concept of environmental sustainability. Following the announcement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations in 2015, CYUT has been putting a lot of effort into converting itself into a green university. Four different fields of management, which are energy and resources management, accident prevention and rescue management, occupational safety and health management, and environmental management, have been promoted in the campus of CYUT for this cause. Furthermore, four management practices including implementing management systems, organizing green courses, promoting green activities and creating green environment, have been applied to improve the effectiveness of the campus management. In the case of energy and resources management in particular, not only ISO 50001 and 14001 management systems were implemented but also an intelligent energy network (iEN) was established for maintaining effective usage of the campus energy. For years of striving in creating a green university, CYUT had several remarkable accomplishments. The green open space ratio in campus is 94.43%. Water-saving equipment was installed in the whole campus and reclaimed water is collected for urban reuse. Garbage reduction and classification have been enforced to make ease for later treatments. For issues related to energy and climate change, strategies, such as renewal of high energy consuming facilities, installation of green roofs, utilization of recycle energy and education of staffs were enacted and the consumed energy in campus gradually decreased in recent years. For example, the electricity and oil (including gasoline and diesel) consumption in campus of 2017 were 7.59% and 14% lower than those of 2016, respectively. In order to overcome the challenges from climate change, CYUT will continue on its process of creating a low-carbon campus focusing on energy sustainability.

scholarly journals Performance of Green Roof Integrated Solar Photovoltaic System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6529-6533
Keyword(s):  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Solar Pv System ◽  
Cooling Effects

Green roofs and solar photovoltaics are green technologies that developed to meet the sustainable and low carbon emission targets by the ways of effective stormwater management and renewable energy generation. Previous studies have proved that the cooling effects from the evapotranspiration process in green roofs can keep the photovoltaics (PV) near the best operational temperature, while PV panel can provide the shading benefit to the green roof’s vegetation. The paper aims to synthesize the influential factors, including solar PV and green roof designs on solar power output efficiency. This review identifies the research gaps in the previous studies of green roof integrated solar PV system and highlights the desirable characteristic for each component. This review also suggests a guideline to construct practical green roofs integrated solar PV system.

S.E.M.-T.E.M. Image Comparison

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
G. M. Greene ◽  
J. W. Sprys
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Actual Surface ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Transmission Study ◽  
Large Sections

The present study demonstrates that fracture surfaces appear strikingly different when observed in the transmission electron microscope by replication and in the scanning electron microscope by backscattering and secondary emission. It is important to know what form these differences take because of the limitations of each instrument. Replication is useful for study of surfaces too large for insertion into the S.E.M. and for resolution of fine detail at high magnification with the T.E.M. Scanning microscopy reduces sample preparation time and allows large sections of the actual surface to be viewed.In the present investigation various modes of the S.E.M. along with the transmission mode in the T.E.M. were used to study one area of a fatigue surface of a low carbon steel. Following transmission study of a platinum carbon replica in the T.E.M. and S.E.M. the replica was coated with a gold layer approximately 200A° in thickness to improve electron emission.

Lattice Imaging of Twin, Lath and α/Martensite Boundaries in Duplex Low Carbon Steels

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
J. Y. Koo ◽  
G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ferrite Matrix ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Lattice Imaging ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Lattice Image ◽  
New Information ◽  
Resolution Electron

High resolution electron microscopy has been shown to give new information on defects(1) and phase transformations in solids (2,3). In a continuing program of lattice fringe imaging of alloys, we have applied this technique to the martensitic transformation in steels in order to characterize the atomic environments near twin, lath and αmartensite boundaries. This paper describes current progress in this program.Figures A and B show lattice image and conventional bright field image of the same area of a duplex Fe/2Si/0.1C steel described elsewhere(4). The microstructure consists of internally twinned martensite (M) embedded in a ferrite matrix (F). Use of the 2-beam tilted illumination technique incorporating a twin reflection produced {110} fringes across the microtwins.

Characterization of carbides in M50NiL

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
L. S. Lin ◽  
K. P. Gumz ◽  
A. V. Karg ◽  
C. C. Law
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Carbide Formation ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fee Structure ◽  
Heat Treated

Carbon and temperature effects on carbide formation in the carburized zone of M50NiL are of great importance because they can be used to control surface properties of bearings. A series of homogeneous alloys (with M50NiL as base composition) containing various levels of carbon in the range of 0.15% to 1.5% (in wt.%) and heat treated at temperatures between 650°C to 1100°C were selected for characterizations. Eleven samples were chosen for carbide characterization and chemical analysis and their identifications are listed in Table 1.Five different carbides consisting of M6C, M2C, M7C3 and M23C6 were found in all eleven samples examined as shown in Table 1. M6C carbides (with least carbon) were found to be the major carbide in low carbon alloys (<0.3% C) and their amounts decreased as the carbon content increased. In sample C (0.3% C), most particles (95%) encountered were M6C carbide with a particle sizes range between 0.05 to 0.25 um. The M6C carbide are enriched in both Mo and Fe and have a fee structure with lattice parameter a=1.105 nm (Figure 1).

Thermomechanical Treatment of a 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy Steel

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 314-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Jahn ◽  
J.C. Yang ◽  
C.M. Wan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Thermomechanical Treatment ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
4340 Steel ◽  
Good Improvement

4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel is widely used due to its good combination of strength and toughness. The mechanical property of 4340 steel can be improved by various thermal treatments. The influence of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) has been studied in a low carbon Ni-Cr-Mo steel having chemical composition closed to 4340 steel. TMT of 4340 steel is rarely examined up to now. In this study we obtain good improvement on the mechanical property of 4340 steel by TMT. The mechanism is explained in terms of TEM microstructures4340 (0.39C-1.81Ni-0.93Cr-0.26Mo) steel was austenitized at 950°C for 30 minutes. The TMTed specimen (T) was obtained by forging the specimen continuously as the temperature of the specimen was decreasing from 950°C to 600°C followed by oil quenching to room temperature. The thickness reduction ratio by forging is 40%. The conventional specimen (C) was obtained by quenching the specimen directly into room temperature oil after austenitized at 950°C for 30 minutes. All quenched specimens (T and C) were then tempered at 450, 500, 550, 600 or 650°C for four hours respectively.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

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