Human carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), a zinc metalloenzyme, was screened against 960 structurally diverse, biologically active small molecules. The assay monitored CA II esterase activity against the substrate 4-nitrophenyl acetate in a format allowing high-throughput screening. The assay proved to be robust and reproducible with a hit rate of ∼2%. Potential hits were further characterized by determining their IC50 and Kd values and tested for nonspecific, promiscuous inhibition. Three known sulfonamide CA inhibitors were identified: acetazolamide, methazolamide, and celecoxib. Other hits were also found, including diuretics and antibiotics not previously identified as CA inhibitors, for example, furosemide and halazone. These results confirm that many sulfonamide drugs have CA inhibitory properties but also that not all sulfonamides are CA inhibitors. Thus many, but not all, sulfonamide drugs appear to interact with CA II and may target other CA isozymes. The screen also yielded several novel classes of nonsulfonamide inhibitors, including merbromin, thioxolone, and tannic acid. Although these compounds may function by some nonspecific mechanism (merbromin and tannic acid), at least 1 (thioxolone) appears to represent a genuine CA inhibitor. Thus, this study yielded a number of potentially new classes of CA inhibitors and preliminary experiments to characterize their mechanism of action.
Techniques to Study Inflammasome Activation and Inhibition by Small Molecules
