scholarly journals Dynamic relationships between different types of conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and protective behaviour: A four-wave panel study in Poland

2021 ◽  
pp. 114028
Author(s):  
Tomasz Oleksy ◽  
Anna Wnuk ◽  
Małgorzata Gambin ◽  
Agnieszka Łyś
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dynamic Relationships

The Effects of Level of Knowledge upon Human Problem Solving in a Process Control Task

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 690-694
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Morris ◽  
William B. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Dynamic System ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Stable Manner ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Human Problem

The question of what the operator of a dynamic system needs to know was investigated in an experiment using PLANT, a generic simulation of a process. Knowledge of PLANT was manipulated via different types of instructions, so that four different groups were created: 1) Minimal instructions only; 2) Minimal instructions + guidelines for operation (Procedures); 3) Minimal instructions + dynamic relationships (Principles); 4) Minimal instructions + Procedures + Principles. Subjects then controlled PLANT in a variety of familiar and unfamiliar situations. Despite the fact that these manipulations resulted in differences in subjects' knowledge as assessed via a written test at the end of the experiment, instructions had no effect upon achievement of the primary goal of production; however, those groups receiving Procedures controlled the system in a more stable manner. Principles had no apparent effect upon subjects' performance. There was no difference between groups in diagnosis of unfamiliar events.

Formal and Informal Hierarchy in Different Types of Organization

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Diefenbach ◽  
John A.A. Sillince
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Network Organizations ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Common Understanding

This paper addresses the paradox that despite all organizational change towards flatter and postmodern organizations, hierarchical order is quite persistent. We develop a differentiated understanding of hierarchy as either formal or informal and apply this analytical framework to several types of organization. The analysis reveals that hierarchy is much more widespread than thought; in particular, postmodern, representative democratic and network organizations are much less ‘alternative’ and ‘hierarchy-free’ than their labels and common understanding may suggest. The main argument is that the persistence of hierarchy in different types of organization can be explained by different dynamic relationships between formal and informal hierarchy.

scholarly journals Leadership in a post-truth era: A new narrative disorder?

Leadership ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Foroughi ◽  
Yiannis Gabriel ◽  
Marianna Fotaki
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Historical Periods

This essay, and the special issue it introduces, seeks to explore leadership in a post-truth age, focusing in particular on the types of narratives and counter-narratives that characterize it and at times dominate it. We first examine the factors that are often held responsible for the rise of post-truth in politics, including the rise of relativist and postmodernist ideas, dishonest leaders and bullshit artists, the digital revolution and social media, the 2008 economic crisis and collapse of public trust. We develop the idea that different historical periods are characterized by specific narrative ecologies, which, by analogy to natural ecologies, can be viewed as spaces where different types of narrative and counter-narrative emerge, interact, compete, adapt, develop and die. We single out some of the dominant narrative types that characterize post-truth narrative ecologies and highlight the ability of language to ‘do things with words’ that support both the production of ‘fake news’ and a type of narcissistic leadership that thrive in these narrative ecologies. We then examine more widely leadership in post-truth politics focusing on the resurgence of populist and demagogical types along with the narratives that have made these types highly effective in our times. These include nostalgic narratives idealizing a fictional past and conspiracy theories aimed at arousing fears about a dangerous future.

Fake News

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Kalsnes
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False Information ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fact Checking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

Fake news is not new, but the American presidential election in 2016 placed the phenomenon squarely onto the international agenda. Manipulation, disinformation, falseness, rumors, conspiracy theories—actions and behaviors that are frequently associated with the term—have existed as long as humans have communicated. Nevertheless, new communication technologies have allowed for new ways to produce, distribute, and consume fake news, which makes it harder to differentiate what information to trust. Fake news has typically been studied along four lines: Characterization, creation, circulation, and countering. How to characterize fake news has been a major concern in the research literature, as the definition of the term is disputed. By differentiating between intention and facticity, researchers have attempted to study different types of false information. Creation concerns the production of fake news, often produced with either a financial, political, or social motivation. The circulation of fake news refers to the different ways false information has been disseminated and amplified, often through communication technologies such as social media and search engines. Lastly, countering fake news addresses the multitude of approaches to detect and combat fake news on different levels, from legal, financial, and technical aspects to individuals’ media and information literacy and new fact-checking services.

The Conspiracy Mentality Scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Stojanov ◽  
Jamin Halberstadt
Keyword(s):  
Item Response Theory ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Item Response ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Conspiracy Theory ◽  
Divergent Validity ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Unidimensional Construct

Abstract. Beliefs in conspiracy theories, generally considered to be a unidimensional construct, are associated with negative outcomes. The existing measures of conspiracy theory beliefs have number of shortcomings. We present the development of a novel measure of the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories and report the discovery of a second factor that reflects rational skepticism. In Study 1 ( N = 500) we use item response theory to devise the final items. In Study 2 ( N = 202) we demonstrate the predictive validity of the two factors for different types of conspiracies. In Study 3 ( N = 308) we demonstrate convergent/divergent validity. In Study 4 ( N = 800) we demonstrate construct validity in three countries. Implications for the concept of conspiracy theory and conspiracy theory beliefs are discussed.

On the way from misery to happiness? A longitudinal perspective on economic migration and well-being

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-355
Author(s):  
Fabian Kratz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Migration ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Migration Type ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The assessment of returns from migration lies at the very heart of migration research. While a growing body of literature examines the links between migration and well-being, dynamic relationships require further elaboration. Using the longest running, nationally representative panel study with information on well-being, the German Socio-Economic Panel (1985–2016) this article addresses two essential, as yet unresolved, questions: How does the favourable self-selection of economic migrants affect their well-being before relocation?How does the well-being of economic migrants develop when individuals approach migration, and thereafter? Results show that—although favourably selected regarding determinants of well-being—economically motivated migrants are not happier before relocating than those who stay. Furthermore, economic migration has a causal impact on well-being, net of both observed and unobserved differences between migrants and stayers. This impact is transitory for women and long-lasting for men. For men, the results corroborate the view that migration enables access to opportunity structures favouring the pursuit of individual happiness. Results also differ by migration type: While long-distance movers and return migrants show a period of depressed happiness before a move, these findings do not hold for short-distance and onward migrants. Furthermore, moving towards urban areas results in stronger permanent effects than moving towards rural areas.

scholarly journals Different types of COVID-19 misinformation have different emotional valence on Twitter

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205395172110412
Author(s):  
Marina Charquero-Ballester ◽  
Jessica G Walter ◽  
Ida A Nissen ◽  
Anja Bechmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Random Subset ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Entire Dataset

The spreading of COVID-19 misinformation on social media could have severe consequences on people's behavior. In this paper, we investigated the emotional expression of misinformation related to the COVID-19 crisis on Twitter and whether emotional valence differed depending on the type of misinformation. We collected 17,463,220 English tweets with 76 COVID-19-related hashtags for March 2020. Using Google Fact Check Explorer API we identified 226 unique COVID-19 false stories for March 2020. These were clustered into six types of misinformation (cures, virus, vaccine, politics, conspiracy theories, and other). Applying the 226 classifiers to the Twitter sample we identified 690,004 tweets. Instead of running the sentiment on all tweets we manually coded a random subset of 100 tweets for each classifier to increase the validity, reducing the dataset to 2,097 tweets. We found that only a minor part of the entire dataset was related to misinformation. Also, misinformation in general does not lean towards a certain emotional valence. However, looking at comparisons of emotional valence for different types of misinformation uncovered that misinformation related to “virus” and “conspiracy” had a more negative valence than “cures,” “vaccine,” “politics,” and “other.” Knowing from existing studies that negative misinformation spreads faster, this demonstrates that filtering for misinformation type is fruitful and indicates that a focus on “virus” and “conspiracy” could be one strategy in combating misinformation. As emotional contexts affect misinformation spreading, the knowledge about emotional valence for different types of misinformation will help to better understand the spreading and consequences of misinformation.

scholarly journals Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships Between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline Frison ◽  
Steven Eggermont
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Differential Model ◽  
Differential Approach ◽  
Facebook Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Site Use

Although a variety of studies have examined the predictors or outcomes of adolescents’ social networking site use, these studies did not incorporate (1) an integrated, longitudinal approach to examine these relationships longitudinally in a single comprehensive model or (2) a differential approach to distinguish between different types of social networking site use. Therefore, this two-wave panel study ( N = 1,612) developed an integrated and differential model to provide a deeper understanding of the relationships among loneliness, specific types of Facebook use, and adolescents’ depressed mood. Using structural equation modeling, the results point to the presence of a poor-get-richer effect regarding active public Facebook use but reveal a poor-get-poorer effect regarding passive Facebook use. The discussion focuses on the explanation and understanding of these findings.

scholarly journals Exploring the Value of Understanding Society for Neighbourhood Effects Analyses

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gundi Knies
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Neighbourhood Effects ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Large Representative ◽  
Detailed Picture ◽  
Over Time

Understanding Society is a large representative household panel study for the uk. The study follows the same 40,000 households over time, beginning in 2009 and providing a detailed picture of how people’s lives are changing. One of the many innovative features of Understanding Society is that a great deal of information about neighbourhoods can be used alongside the individual and household-level information collected in the study, making it a useful study for neighbourhood effects analyses. In this paper the author explores four Understanding Society data products, based on four different types of rural-urban neighbourhood classifications, to throw light on how much heterogeneity in neighbourhood contexts is captured in the first waves of Understanding Society, including change in neighbourhood contexts.

scholarly journals Navigating Between the Plots: A Narratological and Ethical Analysis of Business-Related Conspiracy Theories (BrCTs)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Alemany Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Political Csr ◽  
Different Types

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of business-related conspiracy theories (BrCTs). Drawing on Aristotelian virtue ethics and undertaking a narratological and ethical analysis of 28 BrCTs found online, I emphasize that BrCTs are narratives with structures rooted in other latent macro- and meta-narratives, including centuries-old myths. In particular, I reconstruct the fictional world (diegesis) of BrCTs – one in which CSR and social contracts have failed – before identifying eight different types of actors as which people can morally situate themselves in their relationships with business. Finally, I elaborate on the actors’ performances and their use of external and legitimate forces to end the story. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential future research to help combat BrCTs, as well as a call for the critical study of political CSR.

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