Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a water disinfection byproduct that is an ovarian toxicant in vitro. However, information on the effects of IAA on ovarian function in vivo was limited. Thus, we determined whether IAA exposure affects estrous cyclicity, steroidogenesis, and ovarian gene expression in mice. Adult CD-1 mice were dosed with water or IAA (0.5–500 mg/L) in the drinking water for 35–40 days during which estrous cyclicity was monitored for 14 days. Ovaries were analyzed for expression of apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, steroidogenic factors, estrogen receptors, oxidative stress markers, and a proliferation marker. Sera were collected to measure pregnenolone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, inhibin B, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. IAA exposure decreased the time that the mice spent in proestrus compared to control. IAA exposure decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bok, the cell cycle regulator Ccnd2, and borderline decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl2l10, the pro-apoptotic factor Aimf1, and the steroidogenic factor Cyp19a1 compared to control. IAA exposure increased expression of the pro-apoptotic factors Bax and Aimf1, the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl2l10, the cell cycle regulators Ccna2, Ccnb1, Ccne1, and Cdk4, and estrogen receptor Esr1 compared to control. IAA exposure decreased expression of Cat and Sod1, and increased expression of Cat, Gpx, and Nrf2. IAA exposure did not affect expression of Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd17b1, Hsd3b1, Esr2 or Ki67 compared to control. IAA exposure decreased estradiol levels, but did not alter other hormone levels compared to control. In conclusion, IAA exposure alters estrous cyclicity, ovarian gene expression, and estradiol levels in mice.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit growth of human neuroendocrine tumor cells via G1 cell-cycle arrest
