The antioxidative potential of sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera, Chlorophyta) can be triggered by light to reach comparable values of pomegranate and other highly nutritious fruits

The interest in edible sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera) is increasing due to their potentially beneficial effect on human health. This macroalga, already used for direct and indirect human consumption, is grown in aquacultures in Vietnam and The Philippines. Here, the edible fronds of sea grapes were examined for their antioxidant activity (AOA) at light intensities from 140 to 300 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and compared to commercially dehydrated C. lentillifera and the renowned highly antioxidative fruits Pomegranates (Punica granatum), Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense) and Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) berries, using an ABTS+-assay for all samples. AOA of fronds exposed to 300 µmol photons m−2 s−1 for 14 days increased by about 320% from the initial value of 72.2 ± 5.6 to 232.2 ± 34.2 Trolox Equivalents (TE) mmol 100 g−1 dry weight (DW) onto the level of Pomegranates (272.8 ± 23.0 TE mmol 100 g−1 DW). This application could be used as a post-cultivation treatment in sea grape cultures to increase the quality and nutritional value of the product.

Characterization and analysis of the antidiabetic activities of sulphated polysaccharide extract from Caulerpa lentillifera

Caulerpa lentillifera is a type of green seaweed that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the characteristics of the sulfated polysaccharides from C. lentillifera and evaluate its antidiabetic activity. In the initial process of this study, samples were macerated with ethanol (1:10). Then, the maceration residue was extracted with an accumulator at 75 °C for three hours. The crude extract yield was 4.16% based on weight seaweed. Ion chromatography purification with DEAE-Sepharose resin provided a yield of 14.8% of crude extract. The monomer analysis of C. lentillifera from the crude extract and purified extract revealed that galactose monomers were dominant and glucose was a minor component. The total carbohydrate and sulfate contents of purified C. lentillifera were higher than those of crude C. lentillifera. Bioactivity tests revealed that purified polysaccharides had higher antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase enzyme than crude ones with IC50 values of 134.81± 2.0 µg/mL. Purified sulfated polysaccharides of C. lentillifera could potentially be used as an antidiabetic medication.

The Enhancing Immune Response and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Caulerpa lentillifera Extract in RAW 264.7 Cells

Background: Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) is a green seaweed, and its edible part represents added value as a functional ingredient. CL was dried and extracted for the determination of its active compounds and the evaluation of its biological activities. The major constituents of CL extract (CLE), including tannic acid, catechin, rutin, and isoquercetin, exhibited beneficial effects, such as antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic activity, immunomodulatory effects, and anti-cancer activities in in vitro and in vivo models. Whether CLE has an anti-inflammatory effect and immune response remains unclear. Methods: This study examined the effect of CLE on the inflammatory status and immune response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and the mechanisms involved therein. RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of CLE (0.1–1000 µg/mL) with or without LPS (1 µg/mL) for 24 h. Expression and production of the inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and mediators were evaluated. Results: CLE suppressed expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, CLE inhibited expression and secretion of the inflammatory enzyme COX-2 and the mediators PGE2 and NO. CLE also reduced DNA damage. Furthermore, CLE stimulated the immune response by modulating the cell cycle regulators p27, p53, cyclin D2, and cyclin E2. Conclusions: CLE inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-activated macrophages by downregulating inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Furthermore, CLE has an immunomodulatory effect by modulating cell cycle regulators.

Review Artikel: Pemanfatan Limbah Organik Pasar Sebagai Prekursor Budidaya Lawi-Lawi Caulerpa lentillifera

Kebutuhan rumput laut dalam pasar domestik dan pasar internasional terus meningkat sesuai dengan data KKP pada tahun 2020, total produksi rumput laut pada tahun 2018 sebesar 213.422 ton, pada tahun 2019 sebesar 9.900.000 ton. Salah satu rumput laut yang memiliki prospek pemasaran yang cukup luas adalah lawi-lawi. Lawi-lawi Caulerpa lentillifera) merupakan spesies rumput laut hijau yang biasa dikenal dengan sebutan anggur laut dan tersebar di beberapa lautan tropis dan subtropis. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah (1) melakukan kajian literatur budidaya C. lentillifera di tambak dan (2) melakukan kajian peningkatan produktivitas tambak dengan memanfaatkan limbah organik sebagai sumber hara tambak. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah melakukan literatur review, yaitu sebuah pencarian literatur baik nasional maupun internasional yang dilakukan dengan mereview jurnal, skripsi online dan buku. Berdasarkan hasil review dari 16 kajian yang didapat dari berbagai sumber, diantaranya 16 Jurnal (11 Jurnal Nasional dan 5 Jurnal Internasonal), 2 Skripsi Online dan 2 Buku didapatkan bahwa ada beberapa hal yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan C. lentillifera yaitu, penggunaan zat pengatur tumbuh, bobot awal yang berbeda, salinitas dan jenis substrat dasar, ketersediaan unsur-unsur hara di tanah dan air, serta kedalaman yang berbeda The need for seaweed in the domestic market and the international market continues to increase according to KKP data in 2020, the total seaweed production in 2018 is 213,422 tons, in 2019 it is 9,900,000 tons. One of the seaweeds that has broad marketing prospects is lawi-lawi. Lawi-lawi Caulerpa lentillifera) is a species of green seaweed commonly known as sea grape and is distributed in several tropical and subtropical oceans. The objectives of this activity were (1) to study the literature on C. lentillifera cultivation in ponds and (2) to study the increase in pond productivity by utilizing organic waste as a source of pond nutrients. The method used in the implementation of this activity is to conduct a literature review, which is a literature search, both national and international, which is carried out by reviewing journals, online theses and books. Based on the results of reviews from 16 studies obtained from various sources, including 13 journals (8 National Journals and 5 International Journals), 1 Online Thesis and 1 Book, it was found that there were several things that influenced the growth of C. lentillifera, namely, the use of growth regulators, weight different bases, salinity and type of base substrate, availability of nutrients in soil and water, and different depths.

Bacterial community composition of the sea grape Caulerpa lentillifera: a comparison between healthy and diseased states

The bacterial communities of the sea grape Caulerpa lentillifera were studied during a disease outbreak in Vietnam. The Rhodobacteraceae and Rhodovulum dominated the composition of healthy C. lentillifera. Clear differences between healthy and diseased cases were observed at order, genus and Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) level. Bacterial diversity was lower in healthy C. lentillifera, probably because of antimicrobial compounds from the macroalgae and/or from Clostridium, Cutibacterium or Micrococcus bacteria. The likely beneficial role of Bradyrhizobium, Paracoccus and Brevundimonas strains on nutrient cycling and phytohormone production was discussed. The white coloration of diseased C. lentillifera may not only be associated with pathogens but also with an oxidative response. Aquibacter, Winogradskyella and other OTUs of the family Flavobacteriaceae were hypothesized as detrimental bacteria, this family comprises some well-known seaweed pathogens. Moreover, Thalassobius OTU 2935 and 1635 may represent detrimental Rhodobacteraceae. Phycisphaera together with other Planctomycetes and Woeseia were probably saprophytes of C. lentillifera. This study offers pioneering insights on the co-occurrence of C. lentillifera-attached bacteria, potential detrimental or beneficial microbes, and a baseline for understanding the C. lentillifera holobiont. Further metagenomic and biotechnological approaches are needed to confirm functions of some microbes on this macroalgae to enhance food security in the tropics.

Toxicity and Anti-Oxidation Capacity of The Extracts from Caulerpa lentillifera

Caulerpa lentillifera (sea grape) has been widely used in pharmaceutical industry and health-care products in Thailand. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the toxicity and antioxidant capacity of sea grape extracts in five fractions (ethanol- CLET, hexane- CLHE, ethyl acetate- CLEA, butanol-CLBU, and aqueous-CLAQ). The extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity by MTT and LDH assays on four cell lines, fibroblast (L929), macrophages (RAW 264.7), hepatocytes (FL83B), and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Genotoxicity was tested by comet assay and micronucleus assay on human lymphoblast cells (TK6). The antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. Our results demonstrated low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CLET, CLBU and CLAQ. When tested by DPPH and ABTS assays, CLET, CLEA, and CLHE showed high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, CLET, CLBU, and CLAQ demonstrated no toxic effects, and CLET, CLEA, and CLHE exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Therefore, our results indicated that CLET, CLEA, and CLHE could be consumed safely at doses lower than 500 and 200 μg/ml for CLHE and CLEA, respectively. Keywords: Anti-oxidation, Caulerpa lentillifera, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity