Impact of access to water and sanitation services on educational attainment

The burden of water-related disease is closely related to both the socio-economic situation and public health issues like access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services. Poverty eradication, through improved access to water and sanitation, is the South African government's major priority. This is partly achieved through subsidising the cost of water and sanitation provision to the poor in rural areas. Whilst the new policies have made a remarkable impact on improved access to water and sanitation services, a general problem since the new approach in 1994 has been the lack of integration of policies for water and sanitation and health. This paper analyses the policies concerning rural water supply and sanitation in South Africa. It considers the structure of institutions, the division of responsibilities and legislated and financial capacity of the South Africa's water sector. A more integrated approach for the policies aiming at water access, sanitation and health is needed. In addition, as the local government's capacity to implement different programmes is limited, a review of the financing system is necessary.

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New Approaches to Monitor Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation: The SDGs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Water ◽

10.3390/w12040931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 931 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vitor Carvalho Queiroz ◽

Rodrigo Coelho de Carvalho ◽

Léo Heller

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Latin America ◽

Regional Heterogeneity ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

2030 Agenda ◽

Access To Water ◽

Assessment And Monitoring ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Normative Content

In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Targets 6.1 and 6.2 show, in their formulation, some alignment with the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation (HRWS). However, the principle of equality and non-discrimination, which applies to all human rights, was not clearly incorporated into the indicators adopted to assess and monitor these targets. This paper contributes to bridging this gap by proposing two methodological strategies to address inequalities in analyses of access to water and sanitation services. The first consists in adjusting the indicators of access to these services according to inequality. The second proposes an assessment of intersecting forms of inequality. An application of these methods in Latin America and the Caribbean highlights significant regional heterogeneity and elevated inequality in access to services in the countries of this region. The methods demonstrate their potential in contributing to assessment and monitoring of the SDGs, but outdated or lacking data are obstacles to more in-depth analyses.

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TRENDS IN ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN MALAWI: PROGRESS AND INEQUALITIES (1992-2017)

10.1101/2020.03.30.20047613 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Cassivi ◽

Elizabeth Tilley ◽

E.O.D. Waygood ◽

Caetano Dorea

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Agenda 2030 ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

Access To Water ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBillions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for “leaving no one behind”, there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of least developed countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992 - 2017) and to identify the most vulnerable population in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress is generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population - foremost poorest Southern rural populations - still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest to include standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase accuracy of national estimates.

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Geo-spatial modeling of access to water and sanitation in Nigeria

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2019.089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 258-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benson Ajisegiri ◽

Luis A. Andres ◽

Samir Bhatt ◽

Basab Dasgupta ◽

Juan A. Echenique ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Network ◽

High Concentration ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Piped Water ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

Access To Water ◽

Basic Services

Abstract The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations’ access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-referenced, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1 × 1 km2. Overall, the findings suggest a sharp urban–rural divide in terms of access to improved water, basic water, and improved water on premises, a low availability of piped water on premises and of sewerage systems throughout the country, a high concentration of improved sanitation in select states, and low rates of nationwide open defecation, with a few pockets of high rates of open defecation in the central and southern non-coastal regions. Predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

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Determinants in implementing a public policy for an essential volume of free water in Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1413-81232015213.26992015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 719-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Vargas ◽

Léo Heller

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Free Water ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Human Right ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Access To Water ◽

User Groups

Abstract Within the framework for the realization of the human right to water and sanitation, States have the obligation to implement programs and public policies that satisfy the basic needs of their population, especially its most vulnerable demographics. In Colombia, this challenge has been addressed through policies that provide a determined essential amount of free water to people whose access to water and sanitation services are limited due to low income. Through a review of legal and technical documents as well as relevant literature, this article presents an analysis of the particular determinants involved in implementing this program in Bogotá and Medellín, as well as some related concerns. Among such factors, we discuss the evolution and changes of the tariff model used in service provision, estimates of basic consumption, the role of social movements and collective action, and user disconnection due to non-payment. The main particularities and differences of each case highlighted the inconveniences related to the method of identifying eligible users and applying assistance to beneficiary user groups, and the need for national guidelines in implementing this policy.

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Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Brazilian Vulnerable Areas: The Role of Regulation and Recent Institutional Reform

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060787 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 787 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel Antonio Narzetti ◽

Rui Cunha Marques

Keyword(s):

Universal Access ◽

Institutional Reform ◽

Public Authorities ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Middle Income ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Access To Water ◽

The Impact

Access to water and sanitation services (WSSs) in low- or middle-income countries is constrained by the poverty and vulnerability conditions of the population. In this context, it is urgent to establish public policies for WSSs that will increase the economic access to these services so that they will be more comprehensive and comprise the entire population, ensuring a balance between social and financial objectives. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the provision of WSSs in vulnerable areas and of the difficulty in achieving universal access using Brazil as a case study. The role of regulation in the provision of WSSs in vulnerable areas and the impact of the recent institutional reform that took place last year in that country is discussed. The different experiences analyzed provide interesting lessons that contribute to the improvement of the Brazilian status quo and that, at the same time, can be good practices that can be applied in other countries. One of the main conclusions of this research is related to the contributions that regulation should provide in the universalization of WSSs, mainly when the provision of these services is ruled by a contract. Furthermore, we observed that public authorities have resigned their role in this scope and that they must be more effective and, particularly, more proactive so that universalization can be achieved.

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Factors that determine the sustainability of the basic sanitation service in Manizales

Ingeniería y Competitividad ◽

10.25100/iyc.v23i1.8415 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Isabel Cristina Castano-Isaza ◽

María Arango-Ospina ◽

Diana Cardenas-Villamizar

Keyword(s):

Sewage Treatment ◽

Well Being ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

The Public ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

The Social ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

Access To Water ◽

Secondary Information ◽

The City

Sewage treatment is one of the great challenges in water management. In this regard, 80% of wastewater is discharged into water sources without any treatment, thus ignoring the fundamental right of access to water and sanitation and its implications for the well-being and development of populations. Colombia since the 50's began the strategy of improving water and sanitation. Seven decades of design and implementation of policies in favor of the expansion of coverage in aqueduct, sewerage and sanitation services, with significant advances for aqueduct and sewerage services and with great challenges facing the need to focus and optimize efforts to be more efficient and make the sanitation. The study and understanding of sustainable basic sanitation was carried out through the search for secondary information carried out in sectoral reports and research documents, where factors that positively or negatively affected the provision of the sanitation service were identified. On the other hand, the understanding of the social and political dynamics of the territory allows in the context of the city of Manizales to identify and analyze the perceptions from the three pillars of sustainability, natural environment, social environment and economic environment of two interest groups in the company Aguas de Manizales SA ESP, provider of the aqueduct and sewerage service in the city, through the application of a user survey and the carrying out of focus groups with institutions and community leaders. Lastly, solutions and strategies are proposed that eliminate causes or reduce the impacts that make it impossible to consolidate the public sanitation service or to maintain it over time.

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Le Droit À L’eau: Un Droit Fondamental Des Autres Droits De L’homme

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2017.v13n14p96 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Ziad Tak

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Health Services ◽

National Level ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Legal Texts ◽

Access To Water ◽

The Right

The right to water is a right for all and must be implemented in a nondiscriminatory manner in accordance with the conditions and limits laid down by some particular laws and regulations. In order to make the right to drinking water and sanitation a reality, water and sanitation services must be made affordable to the population as a whole. Property and access to other human rights such as the right to housing, food or health services should also be made available to the population. Internationally, several countries have recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation, but have not actually implemented it at the national level. The objective of this study is to show the importance of the implementation of the right to drinking water, so that it can be made available to all. Since the most widely traded studies on human rights were dominated by political and judicial character, I tried in this study to broaden the meaning of human rights and to provide more Rights. This is despite the fact that it has not been compensated by specific legal texts. As a result, the problem of the study is focused on water as a fundamental need of human, and access to water is part of its fundamental rights.

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Trends in access to water and sanitation in Malawi: progress and inequalities (1992–2017)

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2020.069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 785-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexandra Cassivi ◽

Elizabeth Tilley ◽

E. O. D. Waygood ◽

Caetano Dorea

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Middle Income ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Agenda 2030 ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Access To Water ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Billions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for `leaving no one behind', there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of low- and middle-income countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992–2017), as well as to identify the most vulnerable populations in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress was generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population – foremost poorest Southern rural populations – still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest including standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase the accuracy of national estimates.

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Projeto <i>Vida no Vale</i>: universal access to water and sanitation in the North East of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-12-1075-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1075-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Kauark-Leite ◽

B. Vinçon-Leite ◽

J. F. Deroubaix ◽

A. Loireau ◽

D. Silveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feasibility Study ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Universal Access ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Water Sector ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

The North ◽

Access To Water ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. In the rural areas of the developing countries, the access to water supply and sanitation services is still largely inadequate. Poor governance of the water sector is frequently singled out as a cause and reforms are required. Studies analyzing the great diversity of restructuring efforts currently being undertaken in the water sector have not succeeded in determining the most appropriate institutional and economic framework for such reforms. Moreover they underline the lack of documentation on actual projects and call for concrete models and tools for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) and for adapting water utility practice to real conditions. In this context, the Vida no Vale (Life in the Valley) project is aimed at bringing universal access to WSS for all inhabitants of both urban and rural areas, in the north-eastern area of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. The project takes sustainable development as its guiding principle, and relies on the joint implementation of an innovative technical design, a governance model involving public participation and subsidiarity, and an economic structure combining financial viability and social equity. Designed at a consistent geographical and hydrological scale, it includes the creation of a regional subsidiary of the existing state water company as a keystone element. The institutional organisation also relies on the creation of a public board consisting of the 92 municipalities of the project region and of the State of Minas Gerais. This board will be in charge of the system's governance. This paper presents the first step of the project (2006), consisting of a feasibility study and the implementation of 9 pilot sub-projects. During the feasibility study, the supply, demand and capacity to pay for water services were defined, existing infrastructure appraised, the necessary amount of investment assessed and an innovative operational model and a sustainable management system, including civil society participation, defined. The main features of the Vida no Vale project have been tested in 9 pilot sub-projects, and implemented in municipalities chosen for their low Human Development Index and for the lack of WSS, in both urban and rural areas. A second phase corresponding to the project's final implementation will run from 2007 to 2011. The Vida no Vale project design resulted in a logical and extensive framework which could be used for developing similar WSS projects in other poor, rural regions, its adaptiveness being a key feature for taking into account the specific, local conditions.

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