Current treatments for trauma-related disorders remain ineffective for many patients. Here, we modeled interindividual differences in post-therapy fear relapse with a novel ethologically relevant trauma recovery paradigm. After traumatic fear conditioning, rats underwent fear extinction while foraging in a large enriched arena, permitting the expression of a wide spectrum of behaviors, assessed by an automated pipeline. This multidimensional behavioral assessment revealed that post-conditioning fear response profiles clustered into two groups, respectively characterized by active vs. passive fear responses. After trauma, some animals expressed fear by freezing, while others darted, as if fleeing from danger. Remarkably, belonging to the darters or freezers group predicted differential vulnerability to fear relapse after extinction. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptional profiling revealed that these groups differentially regulated specific sets of genes, some of which have previously been implicated in anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Our results suggest that post-trauma behavioral phenotypes and the associated epigenetic landscapes can serve as markers of fear relapse susceptibility, and thus may be instrumental for future development of more effective treatments for psychiatric patients.
Molecular patterning of the embryonic cranial mesenchyme revealed by genome-wide transcriptional profiling
