The impact of maternal BMI, gestational weight gain, and breastfeeding on early childhood weight: Analysis of a statewide WIC dataset

Background: The association of maternal parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with childhood weight status has been well studied; however, little is known about these factors with respect to the rate of weight changes in early childhood. Methods: This study was based on a prospective longitudinal study. The follow-up surveys were conducted at the ages of 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, and 18 months. Child weight was investigated twice at each wave. Data on maternal parity, pre-pregnancy weight and height were collected at baseline. The latent growth curve model was used to examine the effects of interested predictors on the trajectory of weight in early childhood. Results: Finally, 893 eligible mother-child pairs were drawn from the cohort. In adjusted models, multiparas were associated with higher birth weight (β = 0.103) and slower weight change rate of children (β = −0.028). Pre-conception BMI (β = 0.034) and GWG (β = 0.014) played important roles in the initial status of child weight but did not have effects on the rate of weight changes of the child. Conclusions: Multiparous pregnancy is associated with both higher mean birth weight and slower weight-growth velocity in early childhood, while pregravid maternal BMI and GWG are only related to the birth weight.

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Gestational weight gain, birthweight and early-childhood obesity: between- and within-family comparisons

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyaa110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 1682-1690

Author(s):

Sylvia E Badon ◽

Charles P Quesenberry ◽

Fei Xu ◽

Lyndsay A Avalos ◽

Monique M Hedderson

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Childhood Obesity ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Childhood Weight ◽

Familial Environment ◽

Iom Recommendations

Abstract Background Associations of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) with greater birthweight and childhood obesity may be confounded by shared familial environment or genetics. Sibling comparisons can minimize variation in these confounders because siblings grow up in similar environments and share the same genetic predisposition for weight gain. Methods We identified 96 289 women with live births in 2008–2014 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Fifteen percent of women (N = 14 417) had at least two births during the study period for sibling analyses. We assessed associations of GWG according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations with birthweight and obesity at age 3 years, using conventional analyses comparing outcomes between mothers and sibling analyses comparing outcomes within mothers, which control for stable within-family unmeasured confounders such as familial environment and genetics. We used generalized estimating-equations and fixed-effects models. Results In conventional analyses, GWG above the IOM recommendations was associated with 88% greater odds of large-for-gestational age birthweight [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.80, 1.97] and 30% greater odds of obesity at 3 years old (95% CI: 1.24, 1.37) compared with GWG within the IOM recommendations. In sibling analyses, GWG above the IOM recommendations was also associated with greater odds of large-for-gestational age [odds ratio (OR): 1.36; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.54], but was not associated with obesity at 3 years old (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.15). Conclusions GWG likely has a direct impact on birthweight; however, shared environmental and lifestyle factors within families may play a larger role in determining early-childhood weight status and obesity risk than GWG.

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Maternal and fetal genetic contribution to gestational weight gain

10.1101/116434 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Nicole M Warrington ◽

Rebecca Richmond ◽

Bjarke Fenstra ◽

Ronny Myhre ◽

Romy Gaillard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Genetic Variants ◽

Genetic Contribution ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Common Genetic Variants ◽

Maternal Bmi

AbstractBackgroundClinical recommendations to limit gestational weight gain (GWG) imply high GWG is causally related to adverse outcomes in mother or offspring, but GWG is the sum of several inter-related complex phenotypes (maternal fat deposition and vascular expansion, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal growth). Understanding the genetic contribution to GWG could help clarify the potential effect of its different components on maternal and offspring health. Here we explore the genetic contribution to total, early and late GWG.Participants and MethodsA genome-wide association study was used to identify maternal and fetal variants contributing to GWG in up to 10,543 mothers and up to 16,317 offspring of European origin, with replication in 10,660 mothers and 7,561 offspring. Additional analyses determined the proportion of variability in GWG from maternal and fetal common genetic variants and the overlap of established genome-wide significant variants for phenotypes relevant to GWG (e.g. maternal BMI and glucose, birthweight).ResultsWe found that approximately 20% of the variability in GWG was tagged by common maternal genetic variants, and that the fetal genome made a surprisingly minor contribution to explaining variation in GWG. We were unable to identify any genetic variants that reached genome-wide levels of significance (P<5×10−8) and replicated. Some established maternal variants associated with increased BMI, fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes were associated with lower early, and higher later GWG. Maternal variants related to higher systolic blood pressure were related to lower late GWG. Established maternal and fetal birthweight variants were largely unrelated to GWG.ConclusionWe found a modest contribution of maternal common variants to GWG and some overlap of maternal BMI, glucose and type 2 diabetes variants with GWG. These findings suggest that associations between GWG and later offspring/maternal outcomes may be due to the relationship of maternal BMI and diabetes with GWG.

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The impact of restricted gestational weight gain by dietary intervention on fetal growth in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Diabetologia ◽

10.1007/s00125-018-4736-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (12) ◽

pp. 2528-2538 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lise L. Kurtzhals ◽

Sidse K. Nørgaard ◽

Anna L. Secher ◽

Vibeke L. Nichum ◽

Helle Ronneby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

The Impact

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Maternal Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain and Their Association with Pregnancy Complications and Perinatal Conditions

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16101751 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. 1751 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Martin Simko ◽

Adrian Totka ◽

Diana Vondrova ◽

Martin Samohyl ◽

Jana Jurkovicova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

University Hospital ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of selected pregnancy pathologies statistically depending on overweight/obesity and excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy on women who gave birth in the years 2013–2015 at the Second Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University Hospital in Bratislava, Slovakia. In a retrospective study, we analyzed data gathered from the sample, which consisted of 7122 women. Our results suggest a statistically significant, higher risk for the groups of women with overweight and obesity and gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 15.3; 95% CI 9.0−25.8 for obesity), preeclampsia (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.9−6.0 for overweight and AOR = 13.2; 95% CI 7.7−22.5 for obesity), and gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.2−2.9 for overweight and AOR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.4−4.0 for obesity). A higher incidence of pregnancies terminated by cesarean section was observed in the group of obese women. Gestational weight gain above IOM (Institute of Medicine) recommendations was associated with a higher risk of pregnancy terminated by C-section (AOR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.0−1.3), gestational hypertension (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.0−2.7), and infant macrosomia (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.3−2.1). Overweight and obesity during pregnancy significantly contribute to the development of pregnancy pathologies and increased incidence of cesarean section. Systematic efforts to reduce weight before pregnancy through prepregnancy dietary counseling, regular physical activity, and healthy lifestyle should be the primary goal.

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The impact of WIC on breastfeeding initiation and gestational weight gain: Case study of South Carolina Medicaid mothers

Children and Youth Services Review ◽

10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.024 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 115-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lyudmyla Sonchak

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

The Impact

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The Impact of Gestational Weight Gain and Diet on Abnormal Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy in Hispanic Women

Maternal and Child Health Journal ◽

10.1007/s10995-008-0381-x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 520-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Alison Tovar ◽

Aviva Must ◽

Odilia I. Bermudez ◽

Raymond R. Hyatt ◽

Lisa Chasan-Taber

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Hispanic Women ◽

Abnormal Glucose Tolerance ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

The Impact

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Gestational Weight Gain Influences Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Obesity and Gestational Diabetes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-607107/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana M Ramos-Levi ◽

Gemma Rodriguez-Carnero ◽

Cristina Garcia-Fontao ◽

Antia Fernandez-Pombo ◽

Paula Andújar-Plata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background. Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated to increased risk of perinatal complications and obesity in the offspring. However, the impact of gestational weight gain (GWG) on maternal and fetal outcomes has led to controversial results. Research design and methods. Retrospective study of 220 women with GDM and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Pregnant women were classified according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations regarding prior BMI and GWG. We evaluated the impact of GWG on birth weight and perinatal outcomes. Results. Mean maternal age was 34.7±5.3 years. Pre-pregnancy obesity was classified as grade I in 55.3% of cases, grade II in 32.0%, and grade III in 12.7%. GWG was adequate (5-9kg) in 24.2%, insufficient (< 5kg) in 41.8% and excessive (> 9kg) in 34.2%. Birthweight was within normal range in 81.9%, 3.6% were small for gestational age (SGA) and 14.4% were large for gestational age (LGA). Insufficient GWG was associated to a higher rate of SGA offspring, excessive GWG was associated to LGA and adequate GWG to normal birth weight. Conclusion. GWG in women with pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM impacts neonatal birthweight. Insufficient GWG is associated to SGA and excessive GWG is associated to LGA. Women with adequate GWG according to IOM guidelines obtained better perinatal outcomes.

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