scholarly journals Interactions between adipose tissue around lymph nodes and lymphoid cells in vitro.

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2219-2231
Author(s):  
C M Pond ◽  
C A Mattacks
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Cells

scholarly journals CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY DURING REJECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF ALLOGENEIC SKIN GRAFTS IN RATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Hartmut Peter ◽  
Joseph D. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Skin Grafts ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Background Levels

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in spleens and lymph nodes of allografted rats was determined by release of 51Cr from labeled target cells incubated with aggressor lymphoid cells. CMC was first detected in grafted adult rats on day 5, peaked on days 7 and 8, and declined rapidly to background levels by days 9 to 11. In allografted neonates and in cyclophosphamide-treated or neonatally thymectomized adults CMC was a fraction of that observed in normal adult rats. Enhancing antibodies deferred in vivo peak activity of CMC in allografted neonates for 3–4 days, and blocked in vitro the action of aggressor lymphocytes by binding to target cells. Enhancing antibodies had no effect on the cytotoxicity of aggressor cells, but horse antibodies to rat thoracic duct cells inhibited in vitro CMC of aggressor cells.

Effect on the Sensitivity of Lymphoid Cells to Acriflavine after « in vivo » Treatment with Heterologous Albumin Coupled with Diazotized Acriflavin

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Aurelio Di Marco ◽  
Rosella Silvestrini ◽  
Emidio Calendi
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
In Vivo Treatment ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Different Doses

The possibility that the «in vivo» treatment with heterologous albumin coupled with diazotized acriflavine may affect the sensitivity of lymphoid cells to the action of acriflavine was studied. Albino mice CFW strain were treated subcutanceusly with the coupled albumin in the presence of complete Freund adjuvant. Lymph nodes from control and immunized animals, fifteen days after the treament, were cultured «in vitro» in the presence of different doses of acriflavine (from 0.5 to 4 μg/ml). The action of acriflavine was evaluated as the growth of cultures, the percent of lymphoid cells in the different phases of differentiation and the percent of proliferating cells after incubation for 24 hours in the presence of 3H thymidine. Results show that lymphoid cells of immunized mice are less sensitive to the citotoxic activity of acriflavine than those of the controls. Acriflavine, at low doses, reduces the growth of normal cultures and the proliferative activity of immature elements. At the highest doses the proliferation area is almost completely absent and the elements still present are strongly degenerated. Acriflavine, at the concentration able to reduce or to inhibit the growth of control cultures, is ineffective in altering the ratio of immature elements in cultures of immunized animals. The ability of these elements to incorporate 3H thymidine is also unchanged.

scholarly journals The source of fatty acids incorporated into proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Pond ◽  
Christine A. Mattacks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

To explore the hypothesis that proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes obtain nutrients locally from adjacent adipose tissue, adult guinea pigs were fed for 6 weeks on standard chow or on chow supplemented with 100 g suet, sunflower oil or fish oi/g. All the guinea pigs ate standard chow for the last 5 d, during which swelling of one popliteal lymph node was stimulated by repeated local injection of lipopolysaccharide. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in both popliteal and in several mesenteric lymph nodes, and of triacylglycerols in eleven samples of adipose tissue defined by their anatomical relations to lymph nodes, were determined by GC. The proportions of fatty acids in the phospholipids extracted from the stimulated popliteal node correlated best with those of triacylglycerols in the surrounding adipocytes, less strongly with those of adipocytes elsewhere in depots associated with lymphoid tissue, but not with those of nodeless depots. The composition of triacylglycerols in the perinodal adipose tissue changed under local immune stimulation. We conclude that proliferating lymphoid cells in activated lymph nodes obtain fatty acids mainly from the triacylglycerols in adjacent perinodal adipose tissue. Immune stimulation prompts changes in the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerols of adipocytes in node-containing depots that equip the adipose tissue for provisioning immune responses. Such local interactions show that specialised adipocytes can act as an interface between whole-body and cellular nutrition, and may explain why mammalian adipose tissue is partitioned into a few large and many small depots.

scholarly journals The effects of feeding suet-enriched chow on site-specific differences in the composition of triacylglycerol fatty acids in adipose tissue and its interactionsin vitrowith lymphoid cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Mattacks ◽  
Caroline M. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Site Specific

The effects of diet on the composition and properties of adipose tissue in relation to lymph nodes were studied in adult guinea-pigs. The proportions of monoenoic triacylglycerol fatty acids were constant in all sites in adipose tissue of similarly fed guinea-pigs, but were substantially greater in samples from guinea-pigs fed on suet-enriched chow. Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue from near nodes contained significantly fewer saturated fatty acids, and significantly more 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3 than those in samples from sites remote from nodes within the same depot. Depots that interact most strongly with lymphoid cellsin vitrohad the largest and most consistent within-depot differences. The gradients of triacylgiycerol fatty acid composition with distance from lymph nodes in two small intermuscular depots were similar in guinea-pigs fed on plain or suet-enriched chow. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adipose tissue around lymph nodes is specialized for local interactions with the lymphoid cells therein, and help to explain the variability of serial or duplicate measurements of adipose tissue composition. When cultured alone, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lymph node lymphoid cells from suet-fed guinea-pigs incorporated as much labelled thymidine as the controls. Adipose tissue explants from suet-fed guinea-pigs inhibited lymphocyte proliferation much less than those of the controls, although the site-specific differences were similar. The pattern of site-specific differences in glycerol released from explants incubated alone was generally similar for both dietary groups, but except in the popliteal depot, the increases following co-culturing with lymphoid cells were smaller for samples from suet-fed guinea-pigs. These experiments show that minor changes in the fatty acid composition of the diet can substantially alter the interactions between adipose tissue and lymphoid cells.

An In Vitro Model of Proliferating CLL Cells for Drug Sensitivity Analysis.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 2956-2956
Author(s):  
K. Ganeshaguru ◽  
N. I. Folarin ◽  
R. J. Baker ◽  
A. M. Casanova ◽  
A. Bhimjiyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Drug Sensitivity ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Survivin Expression ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Vitro Model

Abstract B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable clinical course. The disease is characterised by the proliferation in the bone marrow and lymph node of a clonal population of CD5+ve cells that accumulates in the peripheral blood. Therefore, the characteristics of the proliferative compartment are important in determining the kinetics of disease progression in CLL and the sensitivity of the malignant cells to cytotoxic drugs. However, laboratory studies on drug sensitivity of CLL have been performed exclusively on resting circulating peripheral blood cells since it is not feasible to obtain cells from the proliferating pool in sufficient numbers for in vitro analysis. CLL cells can be stimulated to proliferate in vitro using CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) and other factors. The aim of the present study was to generate and validate an in vitro model using malignant cells from the peripheral blood of patients with CLL. The expression pattern of proteins eg., survivin in this model should mimic that in proliferating CLL cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Survivin is a member of the family of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins with an additional role in cell cycle progression. Survivin has been shown to be expressed in proliferating bone marrow and lymphoid cells. Cells from patients with CLL were activated for 72h with a combination of ODN (1μM), IL-2 (100u/ml) and CD40L (0.5μg/ml) (ODN*). Activated cells retained their characteristic CLL immunophenotype as determined by the continued expression of CD5, CD19, CD23 and CD25 (n=5). Cell proliferation was confirmed by increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA in activated cells (n=12). Novel findings in the ODN* activated CLL cells were significant increases in expression of CD38 (n=7, p=0.0001) and of T-cell zeta associated protein (ZAP-70) tyrosine kinase (n=14, p=0.0005). The increased expression of both these proteins in circulating peripheral blood CLL cells has been associated with poor prognosis. All six ODN* activated CLL isolates analysed by western blotting showed increased survivin expression with no constitutive expression in the controls. Drug sensitivity was studied in cells from eight patients using the MTT assay. Activated cells showed significantly greater resistance to chlorambucil (median IC50=164.4±28.18μM) compared to control cells (median IC50=93.63±14.96μM, p=0.044). Figure 1 shows representative IC50 curves. The increased resistance of the activated cells to chlorambucil may be a consequence of the upregulation of survivin. In summary, the in vitro model replicates several key features of authentic proliferating CLL cells found in bone marrow and lymph nodes. It also shows increased resistance to the conventional drug chlorambucil. This model may be of value in evaluating novel drugs and drug combinations which may be more effective in killing the proliferating population that maintain the malignant cell population in CLL. Figure Figure

scholarly journals THE PROLIFERATIVE AND ANAMNESTIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBIT LYMPHOID CELLS IN VITRO

1969 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Jacobson ◽  
G. J. Thorbecke
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Secondary Antibody ◽  
Lymph Node Cells

Popliteal lymph nodes were obtained from rabbits 4 days to 9 months after a primary injection of diphtheria toxoid or bovine γ-globulin into the footpad. The ability of cells from these nodes to proliferate upon reexposure to antigen in vitro was compared to the height of the secondary response produced by tissue fragments. In addition, a comparison was made between the responsiveness of draining and contralateral lymph nodes. While the secondary antibody response in vitro increased markedly with the time after immunization at which the lymph nodes were taken from the animals, the degree of proliferation induced by antigen was highest with cells from lymph nodes taken early after priming (peak day 7) and was very much lower with lymph node cells taken longer than 3 wk after priming. This striking difference between these two responses has been discussed. Contralateral lymph nodes were much inferior to draining nodes in their ability to give a secondary antibody response in vitro, and never gave a detectable proliferative response. This difference became less marked with time after priming, but could still be demonstrated after 4 months. These results suggest a concentration of primed cells in the lymphoid tissue draining the site of injection, and a slow release of these cells into the circulation, to be distributed to the remaining lymphoid tissue.

scholarly journals Long-term changes in adipose tissue in human disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Dietary History ◽  
Mesenteric Adipose Tissue ◽  
Long Term Changes

Redistribution of white adipose tissue is a long-term symptom of several chronic diseases. Although the roles of adipocytes in acute illness have been thoroughly studied, how or why short-term responses of adipose tissue to disease sometimes produce long-term redistribution, and the causal relationship between the anatomical changes and the associated metabolic syndromes are poorly understood. The present paper reviews explanations for the redistribution of adipose tissue after infection with HIV, and in Crohn's disease; both conditions that share the peculiarity of selective expansion of certain adipose depots while others are depleted. HIV adipose tissue redistribution syndrome (HARS) develops gradually after several months of infection with the HIV both in untreated patients and in those taking protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Some current theories about the causes of HARS are critically assessed, and reasons presented for implicating local interactions between the immune system and perinodal adipocytes. Some evolutionary aspects of conspicuous long-term changes in the distribution of human adipose tissue are discussed. Adipose tissue acts as a social signal, indicating dietary history and previous exposure to pathogens. A distinctive symptom of Crohn's disease is selective enlargement of the mesenteric adipose tissue near the diseased lymph nodes and intestine. Perinodal adipocytes have site-specific properties not found in adipocytes from nodeless depots, such as perirenal and epididymal, that may equip them to interact locally with lymph-node lymphoid cells, making polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively and rapidly available to activated immune cells. Studies of the time course of activation of perinodal adipocytes via the lymph nodes they enclose indicate that prolonged or frequent stimulation recruits more adipocytes to control by immune cells, which may lead to selective enlargement of node-containing depots. These concepts suggest hypotheses about HARS and the anomalous development of mesenteric adipose tissue in Crohn's disease that could form the basis for further investigations.

scholarly journals SELECTIVE DNA SYNTHESIS BY CELLS SPECIFICALLY LOCALIZING IN RESPONSE TO XENOGENEIC ERYTHROCYTES

1973 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Thursh ◽  
Eugene E. Emeson
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Adoptive Transfer ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Specific Localization

The present studies have shown that cells capable of specific localization in response to challenge with CRBC or SRBC synthesize DNA very rapidly during the period from 2–5 days (peak 3 days) post primary immunization. This has been done by incubating the antigenically stimulated lymphoid cells with [3H] or [14C]thymidine in vitro for 45 min before adoptive transfer to syngeneic recipients. Specifically localizing cells (SLC) labeled in this way may ultimately account for up to 50% of the 3H or 14C present in a set of specifically challenged lymph nodes 3 days later. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that SLC numerically constitute only a very small fraction of the total number of recirculating lymphocytes trapped in antigenically stimulated lymph nodes, and that the demonstration of specific localization therefore depends upon selectively labeling these SLC relative to other recirculating cells. Attempts to selectively label the RNA of SLC with the precursor uridine have to date met with only very limited success.

Coping with metabolic stress in wild and domesticated animals

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Pond ◽  
E. A. Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Domestic Livestock

AbstractEthological and ecological studies of wild animals are producing evidence for metabolic stress during courtship, breeding and parental care comparable with that of domestic livestock. Resistance to disease may be compromised by the demand for fatty acids and proteins during reproduction and even more during lactation. The adipose tissue around major lymph nodes is indistinguishable histologically from that in larger depots. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that it is specialized to respond to lipolytic agonists secreted by lymphoid cells but is insensitive to the endocrine conditions of short-term fasting. These properties enable it to provision adjacent immune cells. Such adipose tissue may act as a forum for competing demands of mammary glands, muscles etc. and local defences against pathogens. Glutamine is essential to the nutrition of the immune system and is used by the mammary gland. Muscle is the best known source but adipose tissue also participates in glutamine metabolism and may become more important in animals in which the musculature is wasted through prolonged lactation.

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