Antibody responses of young infants to naturally occurring viral infections

1965 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Hugh L. Moffet ◽  
Henry G. Cramblett
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Naturally Occurring

ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF YOUNG INFANTS TO NATURALLY OCCURRING VIRAL INFECTIONS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-570
Author(s):  
Hugh L. Moffet ◽  
Henry G. Cramblett
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Significant Difference

A fourfold rise in neutralizing antibodies was demonstrated for 45% of infants 1 through 6 months of age compared to 63% of older children or adults from whom an adenovirus or an enterovirus was recovered. This difference appeared to be related to severity of illness rather than to age, as there was no significant difference between young infants and older patients when only clinically severe illnesses were analyzed. The isolation of virus from more than one specimen increased the probability of a significant response in either age group. Infants with minor symptoms had a low frequency of significant fourfold antibody responses after virus isolation, but this was not significantly different from older children with minor symptoms. Failure to develop an increase in antibody titer could not be related to the presence of maternal antibodies.

scholarly journals IgG and IgM antibody formation to spike and nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 characterized by multiplex immunoblot assays

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Shah ◽  
Song Liu ◽  
Hari-Hara Potula ◽  
Prerna Bhargava ◽  
Iris Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
Igm Antibodies ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Antibody Positivity ◽  
Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein

Abstract Background Rapid and simple serological assays for characterizing antibody responses are important in the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Multiplex immunoblot (IB) assays termed COVID-19 IB assays were developed for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins in COVID-19 patients. Methods Recombinant nucleocapsid protein and the S1, S2 and receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were used as target antigens in the COVID-19 IBs. Specificity of the IB assay was established with 231 sera from persons with allergy, unrelated viral infections, autoimmune conditions and suspected tick-borne diseases, and 32 goat antisera to human influenza proteins. IgG and IgM COVID-19 IBs assays were performed on 84 sera obtained at different times after a positive RT-qPCR test from 37 COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms. Results Criteria for determining overall IgG and IgM antibody positivity using the four SARS-CoV-2 proteins were developed by optimizing specificity and sensitivity in the COVID-19 IgG and IgM IB assays. The estimated sensitivities and specificities of the COVID-19 IgG and IgM IBs for IgG and IgM antibodies individually or for either IgG or IgM antibodies meet the US recommendations for laboratory serological diagnostic tests. The proportion of IgM-positive sera from the COVID-19 patients following an RT-qPCR positive test was maximal at 83% before 10 days and decreased to 0% after 100 days, while the proportions of IgG-positive sera tended to plateau between days 11 and 65 at 78–100% and fall to 44% after 100 days. Detection of either IgG or IgM antibodies was better than IgG or IgM alone for assessing seroconversion in COVID-19. Both IgG and IgM antibodies detected RBD less frequently than S1, S2 and N proteins. Conclusions The multiplex COVID-19 IB assays offer many advantages for simultaneously evaluating antibody responses to different SARS-CoV-2 proteins in COVID-19 patients.

ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO NATURALLY OCCURRING POLIOMYELITIS INFECTIONS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-502
Author(s):  
C. Arden Miller ◽  
Margaret F. Lenahan
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Repeat Testing ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Fecal Virus

The neutralizing antibody responses of 52 asymptomatic household contacts of patients with poliomyelitis were studied by the metabolic inhibition method. Half of these contacts were fecal carriers of poliomyelitis virus. For purposes of comparison the antibody responses of 25 patients with paralytic poliomyelitis, all fecal virus carriers, were studied. The errors of replication of the test procedure were determined by duplicate testing of 51 serums. Duplicate testing of serum specimens indicated disagreement regarding the presence or absence of antibody in 6.0 to 8.0 per cent of the serums. The second test gave antibody titers which disagreed with those from the first test by a factor of fourfold or more 37.0 per cent of the time; errors occurred equally in either direction. Half of all persons studied showed an increase of fourfold or more in the antibody titers of paired serums; this was 3 to 4 times as many as would be expected by chance. It was not possible to distinguish the antibody responses of paralyzed patients from asymptomatic household contacts; or the fecal virus carriers from the nonvirus carriers in the latter group. Four virus carriers who did not have homologous antibody in convalescent serums were found. By repeat testing homologous antibody was found in all but one of these. The limitations of the test procedure as a diagnostic tool are discussed.

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE COMPLEX GLOMERULONEPHRITIS OF NEW ZEALAND MICE

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Dixon ◽  
Michael B. A. Oldstone ◽  
Giorgio Tonietti
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Immune Complex ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Antinuclear Antibody ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections ◽  
Nuclear Antigens ◽  
Antigen Antibody

Observations based on elution of IgG from nephritic kidneys of NZ mice and absorption of the eluted IgG with selected antigens indicate that their immune complex nephritis involves at least two kinds of antigen-antibody complexes. Antibodies reactive with nuclear antigens account for nearly half of the IgG eluted from the kidneys while antibodies reactive with Gross viral antigens make up a significant but lesser amount. Superimposed chronic viral infections affect the nephritis of NZ mice in different ways. LCM and polyoma infections hasten and intensify the antinuclear antibody responses and glomerulonephritis of these mice while LDV infection appears to protect against both antinuclear antibody formation and development of nephritis.

scholarly journals Rapid response flow cytometric assay for the detection of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Lapuente ◽  
Clara Maier ◽  
Pascal Irrgang ◽  
Julian Hübner ◽  
Antonia Sophia Peter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Flow Cytometric Assay ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
External Standard

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a previously unknown zoonotic coronavirus that spread worldwide causing a serious pandemic. While reliable nucleic acid–based diagnostic assays were rapidly available, only a limited number of validated serological assays were available in the early phase of the pandemic. Here, we evaluated a novel flow cytometric approach to assess spike-specific antibody responses.HEK 293T cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in its natural confirmation on the surface were used to detect specific IgG and IgM antibody responses in patient sera by flow cytometry. A soluble angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE-2) variant was developed as external standard to quantify spike-specific antibody responses on different assay platforms. Analyses of 201 pre-COVID-19 sera proved a high assay specificity in comparison to commercially available CLIA and ELISA systems, while also revealing the highest sensitivity in specimens from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. The external standard allowed robust quantification of antibody responses among different assay platforms. In conclusion, our newly established flow cytometric assay allows sensitive and quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, which can be easily adopted in different laboratories and does not rely on external supply of assay kits. The flow cytometric assay also provides a blueprint for rapid development of serological tests to other emerging viral infections

scholarly journals Regulation of natural antiallotype antibody responses by idiotype network-induced auto-antiidiotypic antibodies.

1983 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1920-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
L S Rodkey ◽  
F L Adler
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Idiotype Network ◽  
Antiidiotypic Antibodies

This study was designed to determine whether natural immune responses could elicit immunoregulatory auto-antiidiotypic antibodies. Female rabbits heterozygous at the a and b Ig loci were bred to homozygous males. Offspring of one such breeding were studied for natural production of antibodies specific for the noninherited allotypes and for the production of immunoregulatory auto-antiidiotypic antibodies. All offspring mounted natural antiallotype responses. The anti-a1 responses cycled as a function of time whereas the anti-b5 responses were invariant. Anti-a1 responses from two offspring were shown to change specificity for different a1 subsets as they cycled. Anti-a1 was purified from the first cycle and was used to assay for auto-antiidiotypic responses. Auto-antiidiotypic antibodies were detected and were found to cycle in an inverse way with the anti-a1 cycles. The idiotopes detected using the natural auto-antiidiotypic antisera were strongly cross-reactive. Subsequent deliberate immunization showed that antibodies specific for all a1 subsets could be elicited after auto-antiidiotypic regulation had functioned. The data support the interpretation that idiotype network interactions indeed function in naturally occurring immunologic situations and are not merely laboratory curiosities or artifacts.

scholarly journals Targeted Inactivation of the Tetraspanin CD37 Impairs T-Cell-Dependent B-Cell Response under Suboptimal Costimulatory Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 5363-5369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus-Peter Knobeloch ◽  
Mark D. Wright ◽  
Adrian F. Ochsenbein ◽  
Oliver Liesenfeld ◽  
Jürgen Löhler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Cellular Activation ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Targeted Inactivation ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT CD37 is a membrane protein of the tetraspanin superfamily, which includes CD9, CD53, CD63, CD81, and CD82. Many of these molecules are expressed on leukocytes and have been implicated in signal transduction, cell-cell interactions, and cellular activation and development. We generated and analyzed mice deficient for CD37. Despite the high expression of CD37 on cells of the immune system, no changes in development and cellular composition of lymphoid organs were observed in mice lacking CD37. Analyses of humoral immune responses revealed a reduced level of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in the sera of nonimmunized mice and an alteration of responses to T-cell-dependent antigens. Antibody responses to model antigen administered in the absence of adjuvant and to viral infections were generally poor in CD37-deficient mice. These poor antibody responses could be overcome by the immunization of antigen together with adjuvant. These results suggest a role for CD37 in T-cell–B-cell interactions which manifests itself under suboptimal costimulatory conditions.

scholarly journals High Prevalence Of Antibody Response Against Plasmodium Falciparum (Pf) Antigens In A Holoendemic Area Of Benin (1994-1995)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
S. Judith Gbenoudon Satoguina ◽  
Clemens H. Cocken ◽  
Alan W. Thomas ◽  
Jean Langhorne ◽  
Ambaliou Sanni
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Competition Elisa ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Naturally Occurring Antibodies ◽  
Very High

The present study aimed at measuring the capacity of naturally occurring antibodies to bind Pf83/AMA-1 and MSP-1/19 antigens, two malaria vaccine candidates, in an immunoassay. According to the fact that antibody prevalence reflects endemicity of malaria, we further aimed at using the results obtained here as baseline data set to follow up and evaluate the expected decline in endemicity in 2016, 8 years after the change in drug policy in Benin. Therefore, individuals, 2 – 19 and above 20 years old, living in Awansori, a malaria holoendemic area in the suburb of Cotonou, Benin were bled during the dry and raining seasons of the years 1994/1995. Antibody responses were measured using direct, indirect and competition ELISA. We found a very high prevalence of antibody responses (89 to 96%) in the studied population. The results indicate for Pf83/AMA-1, that naturally occurring antibodies bind to protective epitopes in a competition ELISA with a parasite inhibiting monoclonal antibody. The data and samples analysed here were collected during the rainy season 1994 and the following dry season 1994/1995.

scholarly journals Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and AS03 Adjuvant Induces Rapid Anamnestic Antibodies in the Lung and Protects Against Virus Challenge in Nonhuman Primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Francica ◽  
Barbara J. Flynn ◽  
Kathryn E. Foulds ◽  
Amy T. Noe ◽  
Anne P. Werner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Humoral Responses

AbstractAdjuvanted soluble protein vaccines have been used extensively in humans for protection against various viral infections based on their robust induction of antibody responses. Here, soluble prefusion-stabilized spike trimers (preS dTM) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were formulated with the adjuvant AS03 and administered twice to nonhuman primates (NHP). Binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology revealed that NHP developed AS03-dependent multi-functional humoral responses that targeted multiple spike domains and bound to a variety of antibody FC receptors mediating effector functions in vitro. Pseudovirus and live virus neutralizing IC50 titers were on average greater than 1000 and significantly higher than a panel of human convalescent sera. NHP were challenged intranasally and intratracheally with a high dose (3×106 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate). Two days post-challenge, vaccinated NHP showed rapid control of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Notably, vaccinated NHP also had increased spike-specific IgG antibody responses in the lung as early as 2 days post challenge. Moreover, vaccine-induced IgG mediated protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge following passive transfer to hamsters. These data show that antibodies induced by the AS03-adjuvanted preS dTM vaccine are sufficient to mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 and support the evaluation of this vaccine in human clinical trials.

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