Benefits of Short-Interval Mammography Questioned

Ob Gyn News ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
DOUG BRUNK
Keyword(s):  
Short Interval

Clinical Science in the 1990s

1990 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Clinical Science ◽  
Molecular Medicine ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Real Progress ◽  
General Journal

From this issue, Clinical Science will increase its page numbers from an average of 112 to 128 per monthly issue. This welcome change — equivalent to at least two manuscripts — has been ‘forced’ on us by the increasing pressure on space; this has led to an undesirable increase in the delay between acceptance and publication, and to a fall in the proportion of submitted manuscripts we have been able to accept. The change in page numbers will instead permit us now to return to our exceptionally short interval between acceptance and publication of 3–4 months; and at the same time we shall be able not only to accept (as now) those papers requiring little or no revision, but also to offer hope to some of those papers which have raised our interest but come to grief in review because of a major but remediable problem. Our view, doubtless unoriginal, has been that the review process, which is unusually thorough for Clinical Science, involving a specialist editor and two external referees, is most constructive when it helps the evolution of a good paper from an interesting piece of research. Traditionally, the papers in Clinical Science have represented some areas of research more than others. However, this has reflected entirely the pattern of papers submitted to us, rather than any selective interest of the Editorial Board, which numbers up to 35 scientists covering most areas of medical research. Arguably, after the explosion during the last decade of specialist journals, the general journal can look forward to a renaissance in the 1990s, as scientists in apparently different specialities discover that they are interested in the same substances, asking similar questions and developing techniques of mutual benefit to answer these questions. This situation arises from the trend, even among clinical scientists, to recognize the power of research based at the cellular and molecular level to achieve real progress, and at this level the concept of organ-based specialism breaks down. It is perhaps ironic that this journal, for a short while at the end of the 1970s, adopted — and then discarded — the name of Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, since this title perfectly represents the direction in which clinical science, and therefore Clinical Science, is now progressing.

Time Window from Visual Images to Visual Short-Term Memory: Consolidation or Integration?

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Long Time

Abstract. When two dot arrays are briefly presented, separated by a short interval of time, visual short-term memory of the first array is disrupted if the interval between arrays is shorter than 1300-1500 ms ( Brockmole, Wang, & Irwin, 2002 ). Here we investigated whether such a time window was triggered by the necessity to integrate arrays. Using a probe task we removed the need for integration but retained the requirement to represent the images. We found that a long time window was needed for performance to reach asymptote even when integration across images was not required. Furthermore, such window was lengthened if subjects had to remember the locations of the second array, but not if they only conducted a visual search among it. We suggest that a temporal window is required for consolidation of the first array, which is vulnerable to disruption by subsequent images that also need to be memorized.

scholarly journals The Effect of Deleterious Alleles on Adaptation in Asexual Populations

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Johnson ◽  
Nick H Barton
Keyword(s):  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Deleterious Mutation ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Asexual Population ◽  
Restrictive Assumption ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
Fixation Probabilities ◽  
Asexual Populations ◽  
Beneficial Allele

Abstract We calculate the fixation probability of a beneficial allele that arises as the result of a unique mutation in an asexual population that is subject to recurrent deleterious mutation at rate U. Our analysis is an extension of previous works, which make a biologically restrictive assumption that selection against deleterious alleles is stronger than that on the beneficial allele of interest. We show that when selection against deleterious alleles is weak, beneficial alleles that confer a selective advantage that is small relative to U have greatly reduced probabilities of fixation. We discuss the consequences of this effect for the distribution of effects of alleles fixed during adaptation. We show that a selective sweep will increase the fixation probabilities of other beneficial mutations arising during some short interval afterward. We use the calculated fixation probabilities to estimate the expected rate of fitness improvement in an asexual population when beneficial alleles arise continually at some low rate proportional to U. We estimate the rate of mutation that is optimal in the sense that it maximizes this rate of fitness improvement. Again, this analysis relaxes the assumption made previously that selection against deleterious alleles is stronger than on beneficial alleles.

scholarly journals Modulation of intracortical inhibition during physically performed and mentally simulated balance tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379-1388
Author(s):  
A. Mouthon ◽  
J. Ruffieux ◽  
W. Taube
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Task Execution ◽  
Postural Tasks ◽  
Execution Condition ◽  
The One ◽  
Postural Task

Abstract Purpose Action observation (AO) during motor imagery (MI), so-called AO + MI, has been proposed as a new form of non-physical training, but the neural mechanisms involved remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether there were similarities in the modulation of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during execution and mental simulation of postural tasks, and if there was a difference in modulation of SICI between AO + MI and AO alone. Method 21 young adults (mean ± SD = 24 ± 6.3 years) were asked to either passively observe (AO) or imagine while observing (AO + MI) or physically perform a stable and an unstable standing task, while motor evoked potentials and SICI were assessed in the soleus muscle. Result SICI results showed a modulation by condition (F2,40 = 6.42, p = 0.009) with less SICI in the execution condition compared to the AO + MI (p = 0.009) and AO (p = 0.002) condition. Moreover, switching from the stable to the unstable stance condition reduced significantly SICI (F1,20 = 8.34, p = 0.009) during both, physically performed (− 38.5%; p = 0.03) and mentally simulated balance (− 10%, p < 0.001, AO + MI and AO taken together). Conclusion The data demonstrate that SICI is reduced when switching from a stable to a more unstable standing task during both real task execution and mental simulation. Therefore, our results strengthen and further support the existence of similarities between executed and mentally simulated actions by showing that not only corticospinal excitability is similarly modulated but also SICI. This proposes that the activity of the inhibitory cortical network during mental simulation of balance tasks resembles the one during physical postural task execution.

scholarly journals Dynamic monitor of CT scan within short interval in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis for nonneutropenic patients: a retrospective analysis in two centers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Chen ◽  
Yonghong Zhong ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Huijie Wang ◽  
Yanbin Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Antifungal Treatment ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Life Threatening

Abstract Background In nonneutropenic patients with underlying respiratory diseases (URD), invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening disease. Yet establishing early diagnosis in those patients remains quite a challenge. Methods A retrospective series of nonneutropenic patients with probable or proven IPA were reviewed from January 2014 to May 2018 in Department of Respiratory Medicine of two Chinese hospitals. Those patients were suspected of IPA and underwent lung computed tomography (CT) scans twice within 5–21 days. The items required for IPA diagnosis were assessed by their host factors, mycological findings and CT scans according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (MSG) criteria (EORTC/MSG criteria). Results Together with the risk factors, mycological findings and nonspecific radiological signs on first CT, ten patients were suspected of IPA. With the appearance of cavities on second CT scan in the following days, all patients met the criteria of probable or possible IPA. Except one patient who refused antifungal treatment, nine patients received timely antifungal treatment and recovered well. One of the nine treated IPA cases was further confirmed by pathology, one was confirmed by biopsy. Conclusions Dynamic monitor of CT scan provided specific image evidences for IPA diagnosis. This novel finding might provide a noninvasive and efficient strategy in IPA diagnosis with URD.

scholarly journals The Functional Role of Response Suppression during an Urge to Relieve Pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1404-1421
Author(s):  
Kelsey K. Sundby ◽  
Johanna Wagner ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Gabaergic Interneuron ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Interneuron Activity

Being in the state of having both a strong impulse to act and a simultaneous need to withhold is commonly described as an “urge.” Although urges are part of everyday life and also important to several clinical disorders, the components of urge are poorly understood. It has been conjectured that withholding an action during urge involves active response suppression. We tested that idea by designing an urge paradigm that required participants to resist an impulse to press a button and gain relief from heat (one hand was poised to press while the other arm had heat stimulation). We first used paired-pulse TMS over motor cortex (M1) to measure corticospinal excitability of the hand that could press for relief, while participants withheld movement. We observed increased short-interval intracortical inhibition, an index of M1 GABAergic interneuron activity that was maintained across seconds and specific to the task-relevant finger. A second experiment replicated this. We next used EEG to better “image” putative cortical signatures of motor suppression and pain. We found increased sensorimotor beta contralateral to the task-relevant hand while participants withheld the movement during heat. We interpret this as further evidence of a motor suppressive process. Additionally, there was beta desynchronization contralateral to the arm with heat, which could reflect a pain signature. Strikingly, participants who “suppressed” more exhibited less of a putative “pain” response. We speculate that, during urge, a suppressive state may have functional relevance for both resisting a prohibited action and for mitigating discomfort.

Modeling and Solution Techniques Used for Hydro Generation Scheduling

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iram Parvez ◽  
JianJian Shen ◽  
Mehran Khan ◽  
Chuntian Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Stochastic Programming ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Fuzzy Logics ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
Lagrange Relaxation ◽  
Generation Scheduling

The hydro generation scheduling problem has a unit commitment sub-problem which deals with start-up/shut-down costs related hydropower units. Hydro power is the only renewable energy source for many countries, so there is a need to find better methods which give optimal hydro scheduling. In this paper, the different optimization techniques like lagrange relaxation, augmented lagrange relaxation, mixed integer programming methods, heuristic methods like genetic algorithm, fuzzy logics, nonlinear approach, stochastic programming and dynamic programming techniques are discussed. The lagrange relaxation approach deals with constraints of pumped storage hydro plants and gives efficient results. Dynamic programming handles simple constraints and it is easily adaptable but its major drawback is curse of dimensionality. However, the mixed integer nonlinear programming, mixed integer linear programming, sequential lagrange and non-linear approach deals with network constraints and head sensitive cascaded hydropower plants. The stochastic programming, fuzzy logics and simulated annealing is helpful in satisfying the ramping rate, spinning reserve and power balance constraints. Genetic algorithm has the ability to obtain the results in a short interval. Fuzzy logic never needs a mathematical formulation but it is very complex. Future work is also suggested.

Single-Alternation Patterning with Sucrose Reinforcement and Varied Intertrial Intervals in the Rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1311-1316
Author(s):  
Richard J. Nicholls ◽  
Victor Duch
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Single Alternation ◽  
Extinction Data ◽  
Sucrose Reward ◽  
Sucrose Reinforcement

Four groups of rats were given single-alternation training in a runway using sucrose reward and then extinguished. Only subjects given training with a short interval (10 sec.) between rewarded and nonrewarded trials and a long interval (40 min.) between nonrewarded and rewarded trials learned patterned responding. This duplicated the results found in classical conditioning with a similar manipulation. The acquisition and extinction data led to the conclusion that intertrial interval cues can be made more important than aftereffects in producing patterning with sucrose reinforcement.

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