Chapter 4 Victim Risk Factors in the Physical Abuse of Children

1991 ◽  
pp. 103-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Knutson ◽  
Helen A. Schartz ◽  
Lisa Y. Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Abuse

Intimate Partner Violence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane S. Sillman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Gay Couples

Intimate-partner violence describes relationships characterized by intentional controlling or violent behavior by someone who is in an intimate relationship with the victim. The abuser’s controlling behavior may take many forms, including psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, economic control, and social isolation. Abuse may ultimately lead to the death of the victim from homicide or suicide. Typically, an abusive relationship goes through cycles of violence. There are periods of calm, followed by increasing tension in the abuser, outbursts of violence, and return to periods of calm. These cycles often spiral toward increasing violence over time. The victims of intimate-partner violence are usually women, but intimate-partner violence is also a significant problem for gay couples and for the disabled and elderly of both sexes. This review discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, and prevention of intimate-partner violence. Risk factors for experiencing violence, risk factors for perpetrating violence, and consequences of abuse are also analyzed. This review contains 5 figures, 14 tables, and 30 references. Keywords: Domestic abuse, intimate-partner violence, elder abuse, child abuse, batterer, sexual abuse, physical abuse

Distinct and interactive contributions of physical abuse, socioeconomic disadvantage, and negative life events to children's social, cognitive, and affective adjustment

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Okun ◽  
Jeffrey G. Parker ◽  
Alytia A. Levendosky
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Children's Adjustment ◽  
Peer Adjustment

AbstractPast research highlights the importance of considering the sequelae of physical abuse in the context of other risk factors and possible exacerbating circumstances. The present research examines the relative, unique, and interactive effects of physical abuse, sociocultural disadvantage, and cumulative negative life events. Multiple measures and data sources were used to assess the socioeconomic circumstances, exposure to recent negative events, and social, cognitive, and affective adjustment of 19 physically abused and 49 nonabused elementary school-age children. Results indicated that abuse strongly independently predicted problems in children's adjustment with peers, self-perceptions, and depression. Abuse was also related to increased behavioral problems at home and at school, though this relation abated and even reversed itself as social disadvantage increased. Cumulative negative events independently predicted negative self-perceptions and, for girls, increased depression. Socioeconomic hardship was independently related to children's cognitive maturity. In addition, socioeconomic disadvantage qualified the relation between negative events and children's adjustment to peers, such that increased negative events were related to lower peer adjustment among less disadvantaged children but increased peer adjustment of children with more disadvantage. These results support calls for a more contextualized approach to examining the developmental outcomes of physical abuse, one that considers multiple risk factors simultaneously.

scholarly journals Evaluation of childhood traumatic experience as a risk factor for alcohol use disorder in adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Wang ◽  
Cui-Xia An ◽  
Mei Song ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Frequent Drinking

Abstract Background We aimed to investigate the effect of early-age (prenatal, infant, and childhood) trauma on adulthood alcohol use disorder. Methods A total number of 1534 subjects who were born and live in the city of Tangshan were selected. The subjects were divided into three age groups. General demographic data, conditions of the mothers during pregnancy, and condition of the babies at birth, were collected. The diagnosis of alcohol use disorder was based on Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV Axis Disorders (patient version) (SCID). The childhood trauma questionnaire short form (CTQ-SF) [1] and the Lifetime of Experience Questionnaire (LTE-Q) [2] were used to evaluate stress in childhood and adulthood, respectively. Results Only male subjects were diagnosed with lifelong alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorder (X2 = 4.480, P = 0.345), current alcohol abuse, and current alcohol dependence among the three groups (X2abuse = 2.177, X2depedence = 2.198, P > 0.05). However, higher prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorders was found in group with higher scores of CTQ (X2 = 9.315, P = 0.009), emotional abuse (X2 = 8.025, P = 0.018), physical abuse (X2 = 20.4080, P < 0.001), but not in the group with higher scores of emotional neglect (X2 = 1.226, P = 0.542), sexual abuse (X2 = 2.779, P = 0.249), physical neglect (X2 = 3.978, P = 0.137), LTE-Q (X2 = 5.415, P = 0.067), and PSQI (X2 = 5.238, P = 0.073). Protective factor for alcohol abuse for men was identified to be heavy drinking (OR = 0.085, 95%CI: 0.011–0.661), and the risk factors for alcohol abuse were identified to be frequent drinking (OR = 2.736, 95%CI: 1.500, 4.988), and consumption of low liquor (OR = 2.563, 95%CI: 1.387, 4.734). Risk factors for alcohol dependence in males were identified to be consumption of low liquor (OR = 5.501, 95%CI: 2.004, 15.103), frequent drinking (OR = 2.680, 95%CI: 1.164, 6.170), and childhood physical abuse (OR = 2.310, 95% CI: 1.026, 5.201). Conclusion Traumatic experience during infant and prenatal periods does not have a strong statistical correlation with alcohol use disorders for male adults. However, subjects with high CTQ scores, experience of emotional abuse and physical abuse show a statistically higher prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorders. Several risk factors including consumption of low liquor, frequent drinking, and childhood physical abuse contribute to alcohol dependence in male adults.

scholarly journals Newborn Risk Factors for Subsequent Physical Abuse Hospitalizations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. e20182108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry T. Puls ◽  
James D. Anderst ◽  
Jessica L. Bettenhausen ◽  
Nicholas Clark ◽  
Molly Krager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Abuse

scholarly journals S175. CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS RELATED TO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLYGENIC RISK SCORES AND CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S104-S104
Author(s):  
Anja Richter ◽  
Evangelos Vassos ◽  
Matthew J Kempton ◽  
Mark van der Gaag ◽  
Lieuwe de Haan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Polygenic Risk

Abstract Background Genetic vulnerability to psychosis is polygenic, involving multiple genes with small individual effects (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), 2014). The risk of psychosis is also related to environmental factors, such as childhood trauma (Lardinois et al, 2011). Although the onset of psychosis is thought to result from the interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors (Walker & Diforio, 1997), the extent to which the influence of childhood trauma depends on genetic susceptibility remains unclear. We sought to address this issue in a large prospective study of people at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. These individuals present with psychotic and affective symptoms, and are at increased risk of developing both schizophreniform and affective psychoses. Methods We studied subjects of European ancestry, drawn from EU-GEI, a large multi-centre prospective study of people at CHR for psychosis. At baseline, DNA was obtained from subjects who met the CAARMS criteria for the CHR state (n=266) and healthy controls (HC; n=42). Childhood trauma was assessed using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), which comprises 5 subdomains: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) were constructed separately, using results from meta-analyses by the corresponding Disorder Working Groups of the PGC. The CHR subjects were clinically monitored for up to 5 years and clinical outcomes were assessed in terms of transition to psychosis (as defined by the CAARMS), remission from the CHR state (subject no longer meets CAARMS inclusion criteria) and level of functioning (GAF Disability Scale). Logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between each PRSs and childhood trauma as predictors of transition and remission, adjusted by population stratification using the first 10 principal components, age, sex and site. All findings are reported at p&lt;0.017, Bonferroni-corrected for the 3 PRSs. Results Within the CHR sample, the onset of psychosis during follow up was related to interactions between the BD PRS and the total childhood trauma score (OR=0.959, 95% CI 0.930–0.988, p=0.006), and between the BD PRS and physical abuse (OR=0.787, 95% CI 0.689–0.900, p&lt;0.001). Remission from the CHR state was related to an interaction between the SCZ PRS and childhood sexual abuse (OR: 1.110, 95% CI 1.004–1.226, p=0.041). Discussion These data indicate that clinical outcomes in CHR subjects are related to interactions between the polygenic risk for psychotic disorders and childhood adversity. The measurement of interactions between genomic and environmental risk factors may help to predict individual outcomes in people at high risk in a clinical setting.

Cycles of Pain: Risk Factors in the Lives of Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN GREENE ◽  
CRAIG HANEY ◽  
AÍDA HURTADO
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Social History ◽  
Incarcerated Mothers ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
Female Criminality ◽  
History Analysis

This study extends the risk factors model of background or social history analysis to the lives of incarcerated mothers. Interviews were conducted with a sample of incarcerated mothers. The presence of a number of criminogenic influences such as poverty, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing violence in the lives of women incarcerated for primarily nonviolent—largely drug-related—offenses and in the lives of their children were identified. The implications of these findings for understanding female criminality and breaking the so-called cycle of crime are discussed.

scholarly journals Predictors of Neurologic Outcomes and Mortality in Physically Abused and Unintentionally Injured Children Admitted to Intensive Care Units

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
han-ping wu ◽  
En-Pei Lee ◽  
Shao-Hsuan Hsia ◽  
Jainn-Jim Lin ◽  
Oi-Wa Chan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Cerebral Performance Category ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
Neurologic Outcome ◽  
Unintentional Injuries ◽  
Neurologic Outcomes ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: This study aimed to identify the risk factors and predictors of neurologic outcomes and mortality for children with physical abuse and unintentional injury admitted to intensive care unit (ICU).Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the data for children with maltreatments admitted to the pediatric, neurosurgery and trauma ICUs between 2001 and 2019. Clinical factors were analyzed and compared between the physical abuse and the unintentional injury groups, including age, gender, season of admission, identifying settings, injury severity score, etiologies, length of ICU stay, neurologic outcomes, and mortality. Neurologic assessments were conducted with the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scale.Results: A total of 2,481 forensic children were collected, and there were 480 victims (19.3%) admitted to the ICus, including 156 physical abused and 324 unintentional injured. The significant difference between the two groups included age, histories of prematurity, clinical outcomes, head injury, neurosurgical interventions, clinical manifestations, brain computed tomography findings, and laboratory findings (all p<0.05). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounted for the majority of ICU patients. Abusive head trauma (AHT) was 87.1% in the abused group. In the abused group, only 46 (29.4%) cases achieved a favorable neurologic outcome. While268 (82.7%) achieved a favorable neurologic outcome in the unintentional injured group, Shock within 24 hours and spontaneous hypothermia (body temperature <35°C) presented the strong risk factors for poor neurologic outcomes and mortality in both group. Post-traumatic seizure was also associated with poor neurologic outcomes in both groups. Conclusions: In children with physical abuse and unintentional injuries on ICU admission, initial presentation with shock and spontaneous hypothermia may serve as the powerful predictors for mortality; and shock and convulsion may serve as the powerful predictors for poor neurologic outcomes. In addition, retinal hemorrhage could be a risk factor for poor neurologic outcomes in critical victims with physical abuse, and spontaneous hypothermia could be a risk factor for poor neurologic outcomes in unintentional injuries.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risk Factors of Elder Mistreatment in the Community: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 88-88
Author(s):  
David Burnes ◽  
David Hancock ◽  
John Eckenrode ◽  
Mark Lachs ◽  
Karl Pillemer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Elder Mistreatment ◽  
Financial Abuse ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Prior population-based elder mistreatment (EM) risk factor research has focused on problem prevalence using cross-sectional designs, which cannot make causal inferences between proposed risk factors and EM or discern existing cases from new cases entering the population. This study sought to estimate the incidence of EM and identify risk factors for new cases. It is a ten-year prospective, population-based cohort study with data collected between 2009 (Wave 1) and 2019 (Wave 2). Based on Wave 1 random, stratified sampling to recruit English/Spanish-speaking, cognitively intact, community-dwelling older adults (age ≥ 60) across New York State, this study conducted computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI) with 628 respondents participating in both Wave 1 and Wave 2 interviews (response rate=60.7%). Ten-year EM incidence was regressed on factors related to physical vulnerability, living arrangement, and socio-cultural characteristics using logistic regression. Ten-year incidence rates included overall EM (11.4%), financial abuse (8.5%), emotional abuse (4.1%), physical abuse (2.3%), and neglect (1.0%). Poor self-rated health at Wave 1 significantly predicted increased risk of new Wave 2 overall EM (odds ratio [OR]=2.8), emotional abuse (OR=3.67), physical abuse (OR=4.21), and financial abuse (OR=2.8). Black older adults were at significantly heightened risk of overall EM (OR=2.61), specifically financial abuse (OR=2.8). Change from co-residence (Wave 1) toward living alone (Wave 2) significantly predicted financial abuse (OR=2.74). Healthcare visits represent important opportunities to detect at-risk older adults. Race is highlighted as an important social determinant for EM requiring urgent attention. This study represents the first longitudinal, population-based EM incidence study.

Stressed parents with infants: reassessing physical abuse risk factors

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan P. Cadzow ◽  
Kenneth L. Armstrong ◽  
Jennifer A. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Abuse Risk
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