Police Criminality: Nature and Extent of Crimes Committed by Female Police Officers

Given the recent attention focusing on “bad apples” in police departments across the country, police behaviors have been the subject of considerable controversy and protest. Still, research indicates that rates of officially reported police crime are relatively low. In addition, crimes committed by female officers are largely understudied in this male-dominated workplace. Therefore, the current study explores the attributes associated with police crime committed by female officers using national arrest data. Results obtained from a multilevel model demonstrate the influences of individual- and agency-level variables in explaining female officers’ criminality. Findings reveal that while on-duty female officers are more likely to commit economically motivated and drug-related crimes, off-duty officers are more likely to engage in violent and alcohol-related crimes. Moreover, contextual factors such as types of agency and numbers of sworn officers predicted female officers’ criminality. Current findings highlight the importance of policies that would directly address female criminality in law enforcement.

RATE OF FEMALE CRIMINALITY CAN BE REDUCED BY INCREASING THE RATE OF EDUCATION

Female criminality has always been a subjectwhich is generally not discussed because of less number of women indulge in crimes but recent years told us the story in other way. They are still not at par with men but that does not mean they need not to be focused upon. A girl child in a country like India consider as parayadhan grows up in the protection of her father and brothers then to her husbands after marriage. Many times she becomes victim because of broken families, physical or mental assault which turns her into a victim and then to a criminal the quick example of which is of Phoolan Devi. We may trace the presence of women in heinous crimes as well though it is a very small in number but on reciting their facts cried out not to be ignored like in Shabnamcase who could be the first woman to be hanged after the independence of India. In the following research in the light of various theories and reasons of female criminality we have tried to establish that the rate of female criminality can be reduce by increasing the rate of female literacy. Education not only helps in reducing the number of crimes but also helps to reform and rehabilitate female offenders after their release.

Road-mapping the Contradictions Around Premenstrual Syndrome: A Medico-legal Quandary

Even though the term premenstrual syndrome has entered the common lexicon, yet it still remains a Gordian knot that needs to be untangled by not only the medical profession but also the legal profession. Resolving this conundrum requires a balancing of the dichotomy between ‘medicalizing’ women’s lives and a need to affirm women’s experiences. There exist several legal impediments while presenting evidence of this syndrome for diminishing the responsibility of a woman in a criminal trial. The present research is undertaken with an aim to determine the relationship between female criminality and premenstrual syndrome. The research further examines the credibility of utilizing the evidence of premenstrual syndrome to excuse a woman from criminal responsibility during a trial. This article is a step in the direction of pushing the envelope for spurring a holistic development of law, which is inclusive of the specific needs of women.

Fraud in New Zealand, 1840–1939

This study analyses fraudsters and their motives in New Zealand’s post-colonial times, using Papers Past, from 1840 to 1939. The aim is to understand the past societal context concerning fraud crimes. The historical analysis reveals that fraud was reported as early as 1840, and since then, reports of fraud have grown rapidly. False pretences and representation were the most common types of fraud, and there was a greater proportion of male than female perpetrators. Female criminality was the main subject of discussion during the period studied, and often biased perceptions regarding how typical women should behave were expressed. The motives of perpetrators of fraud were mainly to maintain cohesion for the family. Overall, the motivations for committing fraud indicated social struggles rather than greed. There is also some evidence for how fraudsters from privileged social classes received lighter sentencing regardless of the grave nature of the offence.

WOMEN, CRIME AND THE SECULAR COURT IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CLUJ

The purpose of this presentation is to address the issue of female criminality in early modern Cluj, and to analyze women’s position before the law. Our investigation is based on the records of the secular Court from the town Cluj, where we have identified more than 250 cases of women accused of fornication, adultery, witchcraft, infanticide, theft and drunkenness, poisoning, swearing and slander. There were a significant number of female convictions during the century, from which most ended with light sentences, such as banishment, corporal punishments, stigmatizations with hot iron, mutilations and only occasionally death. We would like to analyze in detail the types of crime and their punishments presenting the legal background, the jurisdiction and the habitual practices of the Court. We would also like to underline the importance of the narrative strategies used in these inquisitorial trials, since our documents reveal female criminality from a male perspective, as in these times men ran the legal system, consequently the Court records, in our reading contain moral, legal and sexual elements of a male discourse on female crime.

Testing Agnew’s General Strain Theory Among Incarcerated Women in the Republic of North Macedonia

What is the purpose of our study? Being written on a social–psychological level, general strain theory (GST) has been tested among adolescent populations. However, what has been very rarely analysed is the response to strain by different types of offenders and diverse populations. This study is even more valuable if we mention that until the beginning of our research, GST or any other criminological theory had not been tested on any population in the Republic of North Macedonia. Why study an incarcerated population? This population has neglected needs, inhumane living conditions, overcrowded penitentiary institutions, high levels of recidivism and poor use of alternative measures. The experience of incarcerated women is generally less known compared with those of incarcerated men; they have a low level of participation in the total number of crimes in the country, and there is a lack of criminological research on female criminality in general. The data collected focused on the influence of strain and negative emotions on the level of criminality. The results should help us to answer whether strain leads to negative emotions; then does strain influence female criminality and its level; and do negative emotions intermediate in between strain and the level of criminality?