Attentional bias in pathological gambling. A review

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 120-120
Author(s):  
E.J.V. Vizcaino ◽  
M.M. Mayor ◽  
I.M. Gras ◽  
G.P. Alfaro ◽  
G.R. Valladolid
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Dimension ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
Emotional Dimension ◽  
Dsm Iv

RationalePathological gambling (PG) is a relatively prevalent psychiatric disorder, which is included in the category of Impulse Control Disorders of the DSM-IV TR. It's prevalence is 1%. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter involved in it. Attentional bias (AB) is a phenomenon whereby attentional channelling is directed toward personally valued stimuli, despite an individual's efforts to ignore them. AB have been previously described in several Substance Use Disorders (SUD) such as alcoholism and cocaine use disorders.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the current evidence of the presence of AB associated to PG.MethodsWe performed a systematic search in PubMed (1980-Present) to identify publications that examined the existence of AB in PG.ResultsTo date, two studies have found the existence of an AB in pathological gamblers. Both studies have been performed using a modified Stroop procedure, and report that gamblers show an automatic interference when naming the color of gambling-related words.ConclusionsPG could be conceptualized as an addictive behavior and we can hypothesize a link between addiction and automaticity. There is a relationship between AB (cognitive dimension) and subjective craving (emotional dimension), so that high levels of craving can be both, a cause of, and a consequence of, an elevation of AB of gambling-related cues. Even so, there is little research in this field to date. Further studies are warranted using new paradigms for the assessment of AB in PG.

CS01-01 - Pathological gambling: impulse controle disorder or addiction?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1767-1767
Author(s):  
W. van den Brink
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Gambling Behavior ◽  
Impulse Control Disorders ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Neurobiological Substrates

Gambling is a recreational activity with many participants all over the world. However, some people, especially with certain games, loose control over their gambling behavior resulting in serious problems for the person and his or her environment. The problematic nature and the underlying psychopathology is recognized by the fact that pathological gambling is an existing diagnosis in most psychiatric classification systems. In most of these systems, pathological gambling is categorized under the group of impulse control disorders. However, in DSM5, is likely to become one of the addiction and pathological become a gambling addiction.In this presentation, we discuss the similarities and differences between pathological gambling and substance use disorders in terms of the phenomenology, comorbidity, genetics, temperamental antecedents, neurochemistry, cognitive abnormalities, neurobiological substrates, course and response to psychological and pharmacological treatments. It is concluded that pathological gambling is more similar to substance use disorders than to impulse control disorders and that a move in the classification towards the category of addictions seems to be justified.

Pathological Gamblers are Neither Impulsive Nor Sensation—Seekers

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive C. Allcock ◽  
David M. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Heroin Addicts ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale

Ten pathological gamblers, ten alcoholics, ten heroin addicts and twenty five non-patients were compared using Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and Barratt's Impulsivity Scale (BIS). The pathological gamblers did not differ from the non-patient group on either measure. Drug addicts scored significantly higher and alcoholics significantly lower than the pathological gamblers and the non-patient group on the SSS, while drug addicts scored significantly higher than the other groups on the BIS. The difficulties in defining impulsivity are discussed. It is suggested that the classification of pathological gambling as a disorder of impulse control should be reconsidered.

The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for Screening Pathological Gamblers

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Johnson ◽  
Robert Hamer ◽  
Rena M. Nora ◽  
Benito Tan ◽  
Norman Eisenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Dsm Iv

A 2-item questionnaire was derived from 10 DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling. Subjects were 362 men, 191 classified as pathological gamblers and 171 as nonproblem-gambling controls. The two items were significant in sensitivity and negative predictive value and significant in specificity and positive predictive value.

Attentional bias and pathological gambling. Validation of gambling-related pictures for the development of a dot-probe task

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
E.J.V. Vizcaino ◽  
M.M. Mayor ◽  
I.M. Gras ◽  
G.P. Alfaro ◽  
M.Á.J. Arriero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Dot Probe ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
Related Potentials

BackgroundThere is a growing trend to consider pathological gambling (PG) as an addictive behavior. Attentional bias (AB) occurs when the attentional channeling is directed towards emotionally valued stimuli despite an individual's effort to ignore them. This paradigm has been widely used to assess other addictions such as alcoholism and cocaine misuse. AB has been assessed in PG using the modified Stroop procedure. Despite that, to date, other procedures such as the dot-probe task have not been used.ObjectiveTo develop a dot-probe task to assess AB in PG.MethodsWe selected 38 gambling-related pictures that were validated using the Self-Assessment Manikin Visual Analogical Scale (SAM-VAS). This scale measures the pleasure, arousal, and dominance associated with a person's affective reaction to a wide variety of stimuli. We applied the scale to 20 subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for PG and to 20 matched control subjects.ResultsFrom 38 preselected pictures, 25 had an affective valence and enough intensity to be selected for the subsequent development of the dot-probe task.ConclusionsTo date, the modified Stroop procedure has been the only task carried out to assess AB in gamblers. These gambling-related pictures will be used to develop a dot-probe task to assess AB in pathological gamblers. In addition, we will assess the Eye movement task and Event-related Potentials, as direct measures of AB.

scholarly journals A neurocognitive comparison of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in gamblers with varying degrees of clinical severity

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2111-2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Odlaug ◽  
S. R. Chamberlain ◽  
S. W. Kim ◽  
L. R. N. Schreiber ◽  
J. E. Grant
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Substance Addiction ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Axis I

BackgroundAs a behavioral addiction with clinical and phenomenological similarities to substance addiction, recreational and pathological gambling represent models for studying the neurobiology of addiction, without the confounding deleterious brain effects which may occur from chronic substance abuse.MethodA community sample of individuals aged 18–65 years who gamble was solicited through newspaper advertising. Subjects were grouped a priori into three groups (no-risk, at-risk, and pathological gamblers) based on a diagnostic interview. All subjects underwent a psychiatric clinical interview and neurocognitive tests assessing motor impulsivity and cognitive flexibility. Subjects with a current axis I disorder, history of brain injury/trauma, or implementation or dose changes of psychoactive medication within 6 weeks of study enrollment were excluded.ResultsA total of 135 no-risk, 69 at-risk and 46 pathological gambling subjects were assessed. Pathological gamblers were significantly older, and exhibited significant deficiencies in motor impulse control (stop-signal reaction times), response speed (median ‘go’ trial response latency) and cognitive flexibility [total intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional (IDED) errors] versus controls. The finding of impaired impulse control and cognitive flexibility was robust in an age-matched subgroup analysis of pathological gamblers. The no-risk and at-risk gambling groups did not significantly differ from each other on task performance.ConclusionsImpaired response inhibition and cognitive flexibility exist in people with pathological gambling compared with no-risk and at-risk gamblers. The early identification of such illness in adolescence or young adulthood may aid in the prevention of addiction onset of such disabling disorders.

scholarly journals The role of self-reported impulsivity and reward sensitivity versus neurocognitive measures of disinhibition and decision-making in the prediction of relapse in pathological gamblers

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Goudriaan ◽  
J. Oosterlaan ◽  
E. De Beurs ◽  
W. Van Den Brink
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Neurocognitive Measures ◽  
Prediction Of Relapse

BackgroundDisinhibition and decision-making skills play an important role in theories on the cause and outcome of addictive behaviors such as substance use disorders and pathological gambling. In recent studies, both disinhibition and disadvantageous decision-making strategies, as measured by neurocognitive tests, have been found to influence the course of substance use disorders. Research on factors affecting relapse in pathological gambling is scarce.MethodThis study investigated the effect of both self-reported impulsivity and reward sensitivity, and neurocognitively assessed disinhibition and decision-making under conflicting contingencies, on relapse in a group of 46 pathological gamblers.ResultsLogistic regression analysis indicated that longer duration of the disorder and neurocognitive indicators of disinhibition (Stop Signal Reaction Time) and decision-making (Card Playing Task) were significant predictors of relapse (explaining 53% of the variance in relapse), whereas self-reported impulsivity and reward sensitivity did not significantly predict relapse. Overall classification accuracy was 76%, with a positive classification accuracy of 76% and a negative classification accuracy of 75%.ConclusionsDuration of the disorder and neurocognitive measures of disinhibition and decision-making are powerful predictors of relapse in pathological gambling. The results suggest that endophenotypical neurocognitive characteristics are more promising in the prediction of relapse in pathological gambling than phenotypical personality characteristics. Neurocognitive predictors may be useful to guide treatment planning of follow-up contacts and booster sessions.

The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for Screening Pathological Gamblers: A Follow-up Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1219-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Johnson ◽  
Robert M. Hamer ◽  
Rena M. Nora
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Screening Questionnaire ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Screening Device

This study follows up one in which was derived a two-item screening questionnaire for pathological gambling. In the previous study, the two-item screening questionnaire had sensitivity of .99 and specificity of .91. In this study, testing 295 men (116 pathological gamblers and 179 controls) and 128 women (30 pathological gamblers and 98 controls), sensitivity was 1.00 and specificity .85. In the previous study, the predictive value of a positive result was .92 and of a negative result .99. In this sample, the predictive value of a positive result was .78 and of a negative result 1.00. These results indicate the two questions represent a useful screening device for a DSM-IV diagnosis of pathological gambling.

Impulsivity in pathological gambling

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1734-1734
Author(s):  
D. Marazziti ◽  
S. Baroni ◽  
M. Picchetti ◽  
M. Catena dell’Osso
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Serotoninergic System ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
South Oaks Gambling Screen ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dsm Iv

IntroductionThe pathological gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder with clinical features common to other psychiatric disorders such as addictions and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The pathophysiology of PG is still unclear, but it is hypothesized that it might include environmental factors coupled with a genetic vulnerability and dysfunctions of different neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate and serotonin. The serotoninergic system seems to be primarily involved, as has been shown to regulate the impulsivity and aggression.AimsWith this study we aim to assess the impulsivity in 26 PG as compared with a matched group of healthy controls (HC).MethodsTwenty-six outpatients, with a diagnosis of PG according to DSM-IV criteria, and 26 HC were included in the study. The severity of symptoms was evaluated by the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the impulsivity was assessed by Barratt Impulsivity Scale, version 11 (BIS-11).ResultsThe results showed that the PG patients had a higher BIS-11 total score, as compared with HC, and higher scores of two factors of the same scale: the motor and attentional impulsivity. Even the motor and non-planning impulsivity subscales scores were higher in patients than in HC.ConclusionsThese results suggest that PG patients are more impulsive than control subjects. This feature could lead to a loss of control typical of PG.

scholarly journals The association of at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling with substance use, depression, and arrest history

2010 ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Momper ◽  
Jorge Delva ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Ninive Sanchez ◽  
Rachel A. Volberg
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Problem Gamblers ◽  
Bivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Not At Risk ◽  
Problem Or Pathological Gambling

We examined at-risk, problem, or pathological gambling co-occurrence with frequency of past-year alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use; depressive symptoms; and arrest history. Data included the responses of over 3,000 individuals who participated in a 2006 telephone survey designed to understand the extent of at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling; comorbidity levels with substance use; mental health; and social problems among Southwestern U.S. residents. Data were analyzed with multinomial and bivariate logistic regression. Respondents at risk for problem gambling were more likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana than those respondents not at risk. Pathological gamblers were no more or less likely to consume alcohol or tobacco than were non-gamblers or those not at risk. A dose-response relationship existed between degree of gambling problems and depressive symptoms and arrest history. Interventions for at-risk or problem gamblers need to include substance use treatment, and the phenomenon of low levels of substance use among pathological gamblers needs further exploration.

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