scholarly journals Effect of different solution flow rates on analyte ion signals in nano-ESI MS, or: when does ESI turn into nano-ESI?

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Schmidt ◽  
Michael Karas ◽  
Thomas Dülcks
Keyword(s):  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Esi Ms

scholarly journals Head lettuce production and nutrition in relation to nutrient solution flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Cleiton Dalastra ◽  
Marcelo CM Teixeira Filho ◽  
Marcelo R da Silva ◽  
Thiago AR Nogueira ◽  
Guilherme Carlos Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Optimum Flow Rate ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Optimum Flow

ABSTRACT The optimum flow rate of nutrient solution in hydroponic system can better nourish the crops, allowing healthy and faster growth of lettuce. However, flow also interferes with electric power consumption, so further researches are necessary, mainly on the effect of flow rate, nutrient accumulation and lettuce production. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate nutrition and production of head lettuce in relation to the nutrient solution flow in NFT hydroponic system. The treatments consisted of nutrient solution application at the flow rates 0.5; 1; 2, and 4 liters per minute in each cultivation channel. Five replicates per treatment consisted of 15 plants each. The flow in hydroponic systems to produce head lettuce alters the technical performance of the crop. Due to the greater nutrient accumulation in shoot and use efficiency of these elements, the highest production (g/plant) of head lettuce was obtained with a flow rate of 1 L/min of the nutrient solution.

scholarly journals Turbulent Kinetic Energy Distribution of Nutrient Solution Flow in NFT Hydroponic Systems Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290
Author(s):  
Cesar H. Guzmán-Valdivia ◽  
Jorge Talavera-Otero ◽  
Omar Désiga-Orenday
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Turbulent Kinetic Energy ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Kinetic Energy Distribution ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Hydroponic Systems

Hydroponics is crucial for providing feasible and economical alternatives when soils are not available for conventional farming. Scholars have raised questions regarding the ideal nutrient solution flow rate to increase the weight and height of hydroponic crops. This paper presents the turbulent kinetic energy distribution of the nutrient solution flow in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Its main objective is to determine the dynamics of nutrient solution flow. To conduct this study, a virtual NFT hydroponic system was modeled. To determine the turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the virtual NFT hydroponic system, we conducted a CFD analysis with different pipe diameters (3.5, 9.5, and 15.5 mm) and flow rates (0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 L min−1). The simulation results indicate that different pipe diameters and flow rates in NFT hydroponic systems vary the turbulent kinetic energy distribution of nutrient solution flow around plastic mesh pots.

scholarly journals Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bateer Baiyin ◽  
Kotaro Tagawa ◽  
Mina Yamada ◽  
Xinyan Wang ◽  
Satoshi Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality.

Metabolic rate and thermal stability during honeybee foraging at different reward rates

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Moffatt
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Air Temperatures

During honeybee foraging, the stabilization of thoracic temperature (Tth) at elevated values is necessary to meet the power requirements of flight at different air temperatures (T(a)). To understand how the bee achieves thermal stability at different reward rates, the metabolic rates of undisturbed foraging bees were measured at different T(a) values and different sucrose solution flow rates. Metabolic heat production, calculated from the rate of carbon dioxide production, decreased linearly from 49.7 to 23.4 mW as T(a) increased from 19 to 29 degrees C (sucrose flow rate 1.75 microl × min(−1), 50 % w/w). In contrast, crop load and inspection rate remained constant. Metabolic rate displayed a linear relationship with both T(a) and the logarithm of the flow rate of sucrose solution (range analyzed 0.44-13.1 microl × min(−1), 50 % w/w). Metabolic rate decreased by 3.13+/−0.52 mW (mean +/− s.e.m., N=37) for every 1 degrees C increase in T(a) and increased by 4.36+/−1.13 mW for a doubling in flow rate. These changes in metabolic power output might be used to achieve thermal stability during foraging. It is suggested that the foraging bee might increase its Tth in accordance with the reward rate.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRONIC AEROSOL SYSTEM FOR GENERATING MICROCAPSULES

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai Yean Leong ◽  
Chin Fhong Soon ◽  
Soon Chuan Wong ◽  
Kian Sek Tee
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Syringe Pump ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
Compact Design ◽  
Simple Economic

The encapsulation of living cells in a variety of soft polymers or hydrogels is important, particularly for the generation of microtissues. Various techniques have been developed for the production of microcapsules to encapsulate cells but presented threat to the cells due to the harsh treatment during the encapsulation process.  In this paper, we propose a simple, economic and compact design of aerosol electronic system for producing different sizes of microcapsules. The aerosol system was developed with the incorporation of a conventional syringe pump and a customised air pump. The syringe pump purged the droplets of sodium alginate and air pump dispersed the droplets into microdroplets of sodium alginate which was then polymerised in the calcium chloride solution. In this system, the air flow rate from the air pump was controlled by a programmed microcontroller that received input instructions from a potentiometer. The suitable air flow rates that worked synchronously with the speed of the syringe pump were characterised. At 0.2 and 0.3 L/min of air flow and 20 µl/min of alginate solution flow, this device successfully generated round microcapsules with various sizes ranging from 100 to 350 µm.

Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Oxide-Based Electrospun Nanofibers for Mechanical Energy Harvesting

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyitno Suyitno ◽  
Agus Purwanto ◽  
R. Lullus Lambang G. Hidayat ◽  
Imam Sholahudin ◽  
Mirza Yusuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrospun Nanofibers ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Maximum Power Density ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization

Doped and undoped zinc oxide fibers were fabricated by electrospinning at various solution flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 μl/min followed by sintering at 550 °C. The nanogenerators (NGs) fabricated from the fibers were examined for their performance by applying loads (0.25–1.5 kg) representing fingers taps on the keyboard. A higher solution flow rate resulted in a larger fiber diameter, thus reducing nanogenerator voltage. The maximum power density for undoped zinc oxide-based and doped zinc oxide-based nanogenerators was 17.6 and 51.7 nW/cm2, respectively, under a load of 1.25 kg. Enhancing nanogenerator stability is a topic that should be investigated further.

An Experimental Study of Ammonia-Water Bubble Absorption in a Large Aspect Ratio Microchannel

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeromy Jenks ◽  
Vinod Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Weak Solution ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Large Aspect Ratio ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Ammonia Water

An experimental study of absorption of ammonia into a constrained thin film of ammonia-water solution is presented. A large aspect ratio microchannel with one of its walls formed by a porous material is used to constrain the thickness of the liquid film. An exit visualization section was used to confirm absorption of ammonia gas within the microchannel. Experiments were performed at a pressure of 1 bar and a fixed inlet temperature of the weak solution, for weak solution flow rates from 10 to 30 g/min, inlet mass concentrations from 0 to 15 percent, and gas flow rates between 1 and 3 g/min. Results indicate that the overall heat transfer coefficient changes little for lower inlet weak solution concentrations and for lower gas flow rates, but increases noticeably for a higher solution and gas flow rate. The solution side log-mean temperature distribution increases with an increase in inlet solution concentration. Absorber exit visualization revealed the presence of periodic ammonia bubbles, occurring in varying sizes and periods, indicating that improvements to the current design are necessary to ensure complete absorption within the microchannel.

An atmospheric pressure ion lens to improve electrospray ionization at low solution flow-rates

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 2168-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley B. Schneider ◽  
D. J. Douglas ◽  
David D. Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates
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