Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality.

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The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽

Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽

Didik Indradewa ◽

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Surface Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Surface ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Root Surface Area

Abstract. Issukindarsyah, Sulistyaningsih E, Indradewa D, Putra ETS. 2020. The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role. Biodiversitas 21: 1778-1785. Low light intensity causes the alteration of plant biochemical and morphological as the mechanism of adaptation. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three light intensity levels, i.e. 100%, 75%, and 50% radiation; while subplots were three varieties namely Nyelungkup, Petaling 1 and Petaling 2. This research was conducted to figure out the effect of shadings on hormones and the growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The results showed that in initial vegetative growth, varieties of Nyelungkup and Petaling 1 had higher growth of both ortotroph and plagiotroph branches, leaf number, leaf area, length of root, root surface area, plant dry weight, nett assimilation rate, and plant growth rate than the variety of Petaling 2. The light intensity of 50% and 75% increased the auxin and gibberellin contents of the leaf but they did not affect the zeatin. The maximum gibberellin and auxin contents of leaf were recorded at 75% light intensity. The 50% and 75% light intensity raised the length, diameter, and internode of ortotroph branch; number, length, and internode of plagiotroph branch; leaf number; leaf area; leaf area ratio; length of root; root surface area; plant growth rate and plant dry weight related to indigenous hormones role.

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Effects of Soil Decompaction and Amendment on Root Growth and Architecture in Red Maple ( Acer rubrum)

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.049 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 428-432

Author(s):

William Hascher ◽

Christina Wells

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Mass Density ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Diameter Distribution ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Red Maple ◽

Root Parameters

The Terravent TMsoil injection device (Pinnacle Concepts, Ltd., Cornwall, UK) uses compressed nitrogen gas to fracture compacted soil and permits the subsequent injection of liquid amendments. In the current study, we measured fine root growth and architecture in soil that had received one of four treatments: 1) Terravent injections, 2) Terravent injections followed by liquid amendment (MycorTree® Injectable; PHC, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.), 3) addition of amendment only, and 4) an untreated control. The experiment was conducted on ten red maples (Acer rubrum) growing on a moderately compacted urban clay soil next to a busy road on the Clemson University campus. Treatments were applied in April 2002. Seven weeks later, soil cores were pulled from locations adjacent to the injection sites, and fine roots (less than 2 mm [0.08 in] in diameter) from each core were washed free of soil. A variety of root parameters were measured, including length, surface area, diameter distribution, and mass. Terravent treatment had no effect on any root parameters measured. Application of MycorTree was associated with small, statistically significant reductions in root diameter, root mass density (mg root/cm 3soil), and root surface area density (cm 2root/cm 3soil).

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Dry matter production of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with special reference to the root system

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600070325 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 123 (3) ◽

pp. 327-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. G. Kjellström ◽

H. Kirchmann

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Radius

SUMMARYAt the research farm of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, above- and belowground production and changes with time in root length, mean root radius and root surface area of spring oilseed rape were studied during the growing seasons 1987 and 1990. In both years, the highest root growth rate was recorded during the stem elongation phase, and the highest shoot growth rate during flowering. The root: shoot ratio decreased throughout the whole period of root sampling, from 0·64 to 0·16, during the cool and wet first year. In the warmer and drier second year, the ratio increased to a maximum of 0·72 when flowering started, and thereafter decreased. More than 80% of the root dry matter was found in the topsoil. Roots were longer and thinner in the dry and warm 1990 than in the wet and cool 1987. Maximum root length was c. 4·9 km/m2 in 1990, and mean root radius varied between 01 and 0·7 mm. Increases in root surface area during periods of root growth were due to increased root length rather than to increased mean root radius.

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Benzyladenine Increases Branching but Reduces Root Growth of Herbaceous Perennial Liners

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.8.1085 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

pp. 1085-1090 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mara Grossman ◽

John Freeborn ◽

Holly Scoggins ◽

Joyce Latimer

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Initial Treatment ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Volume ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Herbaceous Perennial

The objective of this study is to evaluate the branching effect of benzyladenine (BA) on herbaceous perennial plants during the production of rooted cuttings (liners) and to examine and quantify the root growth of these liners using multiple methods of root evaluation. Five crops were studied: Agastache Clayt. Ex Gronov. ‘Purple Haze’, Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A. Gray ‘Siskiyou Pink’, Lavandula ×intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Provence’, Leucanthemum ×superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) Bergmans ex Kent. ‘Snowcap’, and Salvia ×sylvestris L. (pro sp.) ‘May Night’. After rooting but before transplant, BA was applied to rooted cuttings as four treatments: controls (0 mg·L−1), one application of 300 mg·L−1, two applications of 300 mg·L−1, or one application of 600 mg·L−1. Results varied by crop; all crops except Salvia had increased branching as measured as either increased lateral or basal branches and/or increased leaders at 3 to 4 weeks after initial treatment. Four crops showed reduced root growth, whereas Gaura was unaffected. Root dry weight was found to be highly correlated with root surface area and root volume. After transplant and growing out, branching of the finished plants was increased in Gaura and Lavandula, unaffected in Salvia and Leucanthemum, and decreased in Agastache. Treating rooted cuttings with BA before transplant increased branching but the effects were not long lasting, which suggests that additional applications at or after transplant may improve finished plant quality. Reductions in root growth noted in rooted cuttings did not affect the growth of finished plants. Chemical names: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA).

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Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Characteristics Are Related to Salt Tolerance of Suaeda salsa and Beta vulgaris L.

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.677767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Shoule Wang ◽

Zhenyong Zhao ◽

Shaoqing Ge ◽

Bin Peng ◽

Ke Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Morphology ◽

High Salinity ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Suaeda Salsa ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Salt Level

Halophytes are capable of resisting salinity, and their root system is the part in direct contact with the saline soil environment. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of root morphology and rhizosphere characteristics to salinity between a halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet). The soil salt content was set to four levels (0.7, 1.2, 1.7, and 2.7%) by NaCl-treated plants. We investigated the soil pH, EC, nutrients and soil, plant ion (Na+, Cl−, K+, and Mg2+) concentration to evaluate the rhizospheric processes, and salt tolerance of suaeda by the root mat method. The highest biomass was in the 1.2% salt level for suaeda and in the 0.7% salt level for sugar beet. The root length and root surface area of suaeda showed similar trends to biomass, but the root diameter decreased by 11.5–17.9% with higher salinity. The Na+, Cl−, and K+ accumulations in the shoot of suaeda displayed higher than that in sugar beet, while the Mg2+ accumulation was lower in suaeda than that in sugar beet. High salinity resulted in increased pH and EC values in the rhizosphere for suaeda, but lower values of these parameters for sugar beet. Under high salinity, the Olsen phosphorus content was 0.50 g·kg−1 and 0.99 g·kg−1 higher in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere for suaeda and sugar beet. We concluded that the two species [halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, B. vulgaris L. (sugar beet)] showed diverse approaches for nutrient absorption under salinity stress. Suaeda altered its root morphology (smaller root diameter and longer roots) under salt stress to increase the root surface area, while sugar beet activated rhizospheric processes to take up more nutrients.

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The relationship between root morphology and cadmium accumulation in seedlings of two durum wheat cultivars

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b00-015 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 381-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward Berkelaar ◽

Beverley Hale

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cadmium Accumulation ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Cd Accumulation

Two cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) with known, and different, grain-Cd accumulation were used to compare root tissue accumulation of Cd with root morphology. Six-day-old 'Kyle' and 'Arcola' seedlings were exposed to a range of Cd2 + concentrations (3.91 × 10-8 - 3.91 × 10-7 M) for 0-200 min, and root Cd contents for the two cultivars were compared with root morphological characteristics. 'Kyle' roots contained 35% less Cd per root system after 200 min of exposure and had less root surface area and fewer root tips than 'Arcola'. 'Kyle' roots also contained 30% less Cd per gram of dry weight than 'Arcola' roots after 200 min of exposure. 'Kyle' roots also had fewer root tips per unit of root dry weight and less surface area per unit of dry weight (DW) than 'Arcola'. When cadmium concentration data (µg·g-1 DW) were expressed per unit of root surface area (µg·cm-2) and per number of root tips (µg·tip-1), the difference in root Cd content between the two cultivars was smaller. These results suggest that greater root Cd content of 'Arcola' than 'Kyle' can be explained by differences in morphology, specifically that a greater surface area and more root tips in 'Arcola' leads to greater Cd accumulation in root tissue.Key words: cadmium accumulation, durum wheat, root morphology.

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Growth Characteristics of Bahiagrass Roots Treated with Micronutrients, Rare Earth Elements, and Plant Hormones

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.26.2.176 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 176-184

Author(s):

Ying Liu ◽

Huawei Song ◽

Juming Zhang ◽

Michael D. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Surface ◽

Growth Characteristics ◽

Root Tip ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Scanning System ◽

Cerium Chloride

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) is widely used for slope protection and water and soil conservation in southern China. The plants develop an extensive root system that plays a crucial role in the protection of both soil and water. However, little is currently known about the factors that influence early root growth in bahiagrass. Here, the effects of boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), salicylic acid (SA), and melatonin (MLT) on root growth characteristics were examined. Bahiagrass seedlings were grown in 1/25 strength modified Hoagland nutrient solution supplemented with boric acid, calcium chloride, ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA), lanthanum chloride, cerium chloride, SA, or MLT. Root lengths, root surface areas, and the number of root tips were analyzed using a root scanning system after 2, 4, and 6 days of treatment. We found significant effects on root growth after some treatments. Thus, 0.270 or 0.360 mm B for 2 days enhanced root tip number, whereas 0.15 mm Fe for 6 days increased root surface area. Although 3 or 5 mm Ca caused an increase in root tip numbers, the root length was reduced. The addition of La to the nutrient solution significantly increased root length and surface area, and addition of Ce increased root surface area and root tip numbers. Root growth characteristics were optimal after 0.3 μm La for 6 days or 1.0 μm La for 4 days. For Ce treatment, optimal root characteristics were observed at 0.5 μm Ce for 6 days. Root tip numbers increased after 0.1 or 1.0 μm MLT for 6 days, whereas SA treatment reduced the root length, surface area, and root tip numbers. Overall, the analyses indicate that treatment with B, Fe, La, Ce, and MLT benefited root growth in bahiagrass seedlings.

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Corn root growth and nutrient accumulation improved by five years of repeated cattle manure addition to eroded Chinese Mollisols

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss2010-026 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 521-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Keqin Zhou ◽

Xiaobing Liu ◽

Xingyi Zhang ◽

Yueyu Sui ◽

S. J. Herbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Surface ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Leaf Stage

Zhou, K., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Sui, Y., Herbert, S. J. and Xia, Y. 2012. Corn root growth and nutrient accumulation improved by five years of repeated cattle manure addition to eroded Chinese Mollisols. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 521–527. The use of fertilizers with additional cattle manure application on eroded soil has been reported to improve cereal yields. Limited research exists on the long-term effect of cattle manure on root growth and nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) grown on eroded soils. A field experiment was established in Hailun city, Northeast China to determine the impact of long-term cattle manure addition on corn production in eroded Mollisols. There were five levels of simulated-erosion, which removed 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 cm of topsoil. Two soil amendments were: (1) chemical fertilizer at the rate normally used by farmers in the region and (2) chemical fertilizer plus 15 000 kg ha−1 (dry weight basis) of cattle manure. Root growth (length, surface area and dry weight) was assessed at the three-leaf stage. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake and accumulation by corn were evaluated at the three-leaf stage and at harvest. Compared with chemical fertilizer alone, 5 yr of repeated cattle manure addition significantly increased root surface area by 18–35%, and root dry weight by 45–129% in soil with simulated-erosion. The improvement of root growth by manure application was mainly correlated with the changes in larger size aggregate. N content increased by 12–59%, P by 31–129%, and K by 297–494% in corn at the three-leaf stage, and the same trend was found at harvest. Long-term cattle manure addition increased corn yield by 7% in soils with 5 cm topsoil removal, and gave similar yields in soils with 10 and 20 cm topsoil removal as non-eroded plots receiving chemical fertilizer only. Our results suggest that the increased corn yield in manure-amended soils was related to greater N, P and K accumulation due to larger root surface area and biomass. Addition of cattle manure with chemical fertilizer would be a practical and effective approach to restore soil productivity and improve corn yields in eroded Chinese Mollisols.

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Utilization of Waste of Enzymes Biomass as Biosorbent for the Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solution in Batch and Fluidized Bed Column

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.1.7804 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Salman H. Abbas ◽

Younis M. Younis ◽

Mohammed K. Hussain ◽

Firas Hashim Kamar ◽

Gheorghe Nechifor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Aqueous Solution ◽

Particle Size ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Fluidized Bed ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Fungal Biomass ◽

Solution Flow Rate ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Solution Flow

The biosorption performance of both batch and liquid-solid fluidized bed operations of dead fungal biomass type (Agaricusbisporus ) for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was investigated. In batch system, the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of dead fungal biomass were evaluated. In fluidized bed system, the experiments were conducted to study the effects of important parameters such as particle size (701-1400�m), initial dye concentration(10-100 mg/L), bed depth (5-15 cm) and solution flow rate (5-20 ml/min) on breakthrough curves. In batch method, the experimental data was modeled using several models (Langmuir,Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkviechmodels) to study equilibrium isotherms, the experimental data followed Langmuir model and the results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was (28.90, 24.15, 21.23 mg/g) at mean particle size (0.786, 0.935, 1.280 mm) respectively. In Fluidized-bed method, the results show that the total ion uptake and the overall capacity will be decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing initial concentrations, bed depth and decreasing particle size.

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