Biological control of Botrytis cinerea on tomato plants by the use of epiphytic yeasts Candida guilliermondii strains 101 and US 7 and Candida oleophila strain I-182: I. in vivo studies

Defence reactions: O2 - generation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities after B. cinerea infection in tomato plants propagated in vitro and grown in vivo have been compared. Infection resulted in rapid O2 - generation. Superoxide dismutase activity increase was slower than O2 - response. In plants propagated in vitro catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities after infection were induced less strongly than in plants grown in vivo. K2HPO4 pretreatment of plants grown in vitro enhanced significantly the activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase after infection. Slight restriction of B. cinerea infection development in in vitro propagated plants pretreated with K2HP04 was observed.

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Tetrandrine, a potent antifungal agent: inhibits mycelial growth and virulence of Botrytis cinerea

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-10-20-0446-r ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pingliang Li ◽

jian zou ◽

Yanhan Dong ◽

jintao Jiang ◽

Wenxing Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Antifungal Agent ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Hyphal Growth ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Grey Mold

Tetrandrine (TET) is a potent calcium channel blocker used for the treatment of hypertension and inflammation. Currently, TET is predominantly used to treat a variety of human diseases, and there is little information regarding the use of TET against plant pathogens. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of TET on a plant pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. We show that administration of low concentrations of TET effectively inhibited hyphal growth of fungus grown on potato dextrose agarose, and decreased the virulence of B. cinerea in tomato plants. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression of drug efflux pump related genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, multi-drug/pheromone exporter, pleiotropic drug resistance protein 1, and synaptic vesicle transporter) were down-regulated in the presence of TET. Finally, we show that TET acts synergistically with iprodione, resulting in increased inhibition of B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that TET might act as an effective antifungal agent in reducing grey mold disease.

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Biological control of Botrytis cinerea using the antagonistic and endophytic Burkholderia cepacia Cs5 for vine plantlet protection

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w11-081 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 896-901 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Olfa Kilani-Feki ◽

Samir Jaoua

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Burkholderia Cepacia ◽

Bacterial Biomass ◽

Endophytic Bacterium ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Self Defense

Antifungal activity of the Burkholderia cepacia Cs5 was tested in vitro and in vivo for the control of Botrytis cinerea . Bacterial biomass was significantly improved by the amendment of ZnSO4, Mo7(NH4)6O24, and mannitol to the NBY medium; consequently, the amount of the secreted fungicides was increased. The quantification of B. cinerea inhibition, in liquid and solid conditions, showed an important sensitivity of this fungus to the strain Cs5 fungicides. Microscopic monitoring impact of these fungicides on mycelium structure showed an important increase in their diameter and ramifications in the presence of 0.75% supernatant. For the in vivo application of the strain Cs5, Vitis vinifera plantlets were inoculated with a Cs5 bacterial suspension, then with B. cinerea spores. The plantlets protection was total and durable when these two inoculations were made 3 weeks apart, which is the time for the endophytic bacterium to colonize the plantlets up to the top leaves. This protection is due to Cs5 antagonism and the elicitation of the plantlets self-defense via the root overgrowth.

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Postharvest Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea on Kiwifruit by Volatiles of [Isabella] Grapes

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2004.94.12.1280 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (12) ◽

pp. 1280-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Eleni K. Kulakiotu ◽

Constantine C. Thanassoulopoulos ◽

Evangelos M. Sfakiotakis

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Biological Action ◽

Disease Development ◽

Vitis Labrusca ◽

In Vivo Experiments

The potential of volatile substances emitted by ‘Isabella’ grapes (Vitis labrusca) to control gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) on ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was studied. The closed Mariotte system was used as a bioassay method to analyze quantitatively the biological action of these volatiles on B. cinerea growth. In vivo experiments compared the effects of volatiles from ‘Isabella’ grapes versus volatiles from ‘Roditis’ grapes (V. vinifera) and a B. cinerea control on the growth and disease development of B. cinerea on kiwifruit. The effect of the volatiles on the growth of B. cinerea was tested at various temperatures and times of inoculation after the wounding of kiwifruit, as well as using various weights and developmental stages of the grapes. The ‘Isabella’ volatiles limited the incidence of infection by reducing both the inoculum density and the activity of the pathogen. The weight and developmental stage of the grapes were important in the degree of inhibitory action of the ‘Isabella’ volatiles. The inhibitory action was more pronounced at 21°C irrespective of the inoculation time after wounding. The study shows the potential for successful biological control of B. cinerea on kiwifruit by volatiles from ‘Isabella’ grapes.

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Biological control of stem canker of greenhouse tomatoes caused by Botrytis cinerea

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w02-043 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 550-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R S Utkhede ◽

S Mathur

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Stem Canker ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

The Other ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Grey Mold ◽

Rhodosporidium Diobovatum ◽

Greenhouse Tomatoes

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of various chemical and biological agents on stem canker caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. on tomato plants grown in sawdust under near-commercial greenhouse conditions. Lesion lengths following treatment with RootShield® and strain S33 of Rhodosporidium diobovatum Newell & Hunter, applied as post-inoculation sprays, were significantly smaller than those in inoculated controls. These treatments also increased fruit yield and decreased the number of dead plants compared with inoculated controls. Decree®, Prestop®, and R. diobovatum S33, applied as sprays, prevented the occurrence of stem canker and increased fruit yield in tomato. The number of dead plants was also smaller with these treatments than with the other treatments and in inoculated controls. These results suggest that, in tomato, post-inoculation sprays of RootShield® and R. diobovatum S33 can reduce lesion lengths, and that a preventive spray of Decree®, Prestop®, and R. diobovatum S33 might prevent stem canker, under near-commercial greenhouse conditions.Key words: biological control, Botrytis cinerea, Bacillus subtilis, Rhodosporidium diobovatum, grey mold.

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Native Vineyard Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts Used for Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea in Stored Table Grape

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 457

Author(s):

Antonio Domenico Marsico ◽

Matteo Velenosi ◽

Rocco Perniola ◽

Carlo Bergamini ◽

Scott Sinonin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Organic Agriculture ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Current Control ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Lytic Enzymes ◽

Commercial Development

Postharvest spoilage fungi, such as Botrytis cinerea, are considered the main cause of losses of fresh fruit quality and vegetables during storage, distribution, and consumption. The current control strategy is the use of SO2 generator pads whose application is now largely under observation. A high quantity of SO2 can be deleterious for fresh fruits and vegetables and it is not allowed in organic agriculture. For this reason, great attention has been recently focused on identifying Biological Control Agents (BCA) to implement biological approaches devoid of chemicals. In this direction, we carried out our study in isolating five different non-Saccharomyces yeast strains from local vineyards in the South of Italy as possible BCA. We performed both in vitro and in vivo assays in semi-commercial conditions on detached grape berries stored at 0 °C, simulating the temperature normally used during cold storage, and obtained relevant results. We isolated three M. pulcherrima strains and one L. thermotolerans strain able to largely antagonize the development of the B. cinerea, at both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In particular, we detected the ability of the three isolates of M. pulcherrima strains Ale4, N20/006, and Pr7 and the L. thermotolerans strain N10 to completely inhibit (100% in reduction) the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by producing fungistatic compounds. We found, using an extracellular lytic enzymes activity assay, that such activity could be related to lipid hydrolyzation, β-1,3-glucanase and pectinase activity, and pectinase and protease activity, depending on the yeasts used. Results from our in vitro assays allowed us to hypothesize for M. pulcherrima strains Ale4 and N20/006 a possible combination of both the production of soluble metabolites and volatile organic compounds to antagonize against B. cinerea growth. Moreover, in semi-commercial conditions, the M. pulcherrima strain N20/006 and L. thermotolerans strain N10 showed relevant antagonistic effect also at low concentrations (with a significantly reduction of ‘slip skin’ incidence of 86.4% and 72.7%, respectively), thus highlighting a peculiar property to use in commercial development for organic agriculture and the handling process.

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(E)-2-Hexenal Can Stimulate Botrytis cinerea Growth in vitro and on Strawberries in vivo during Storage

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.123.5.875 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 123 (5) ◽

pp. 875-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Elazar Fallik ◽

Douglas D. Archbold ◽

Thomas R. Hamilton-Kemp ◽

Ann M. Clements ◽

Randy W. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

High Concentration

Some plant-derived natural volatile compounds exhibit antifungal properties and may offer an opportunity to control the causes of postharvest spoilage without affecting quality of, or leaving a residue on, fresh produce. The natural wound volatile (E)-2-hexenal has exhibited significant antifungal activity in earlier studies, but effects on spore germination and mycelial growth have not been separated, nor has the inhibitory mode of action been determined. To determine the efficacy of (E)-2-hexenal for control of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. spore germination and mycelial growth, and to examine the mode of action, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. Under in vitro bioassay conditions, spore germination was more sensitive to the compound than was mycelial growth. Vapor from 10.3 μmol of (E)-2-hexenal in a 120-mL petri dish completely inhibited spore germination. However, 85.6 μmol of (E)-2-hexenal was required to completely inhibit mycelial growth. Lower concentrations of the compound (5.4 and 10.3 μmol) significantly stimulated mycelial growth, especially when the volatile was added 2 days following inoculation. Mycelial growth did not occur as long as the vapor-phase concentration was 0.48 μmol·L-1 or greater. Light microscopy analysis indicated that a high concentration of volatile compound dehydrated fungal hyphae and disrupted their cell walls and membranes. Exposure of B. cinerea-inoculated and non-inoculated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) fruit in 1.1-L low-density polyethylene film-wrapped containers to vapor of (E)-2-hexenal at 85.6 or 856 μmol (10 or 100 mL, respectively) per container for durations of 1, 4, or 7 days during 7 days of storage at 2 °C promoted the incidence of B. cinerea during subsequent shelf storage at 20 to 22 °C. Loss of fruit fresh mass and fruit firmness during storage at 22 °C was increased by (E)-2-hexenal treatment, but fruit total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and color (L, C, and H values) were not affected. Thus, maintenance of a high vapor-phasel level of (E)-hexenal, perhaps >0.48 μmol·L-1, may be necessary to inhibit mycelial growth and avoid enhancing postharvest mold problems, while significantly higher levels may be necessary to completely eliminate the pathogen.

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Potential Biological Control Agents for Soilborne Fungal Pathogens in Tennessee Snap Bean Farms

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14081-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 988-994

Author(s):

Jacqueline Joshua ◽

Margaret T. Mmbaga

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Growth Media ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Inhibition Zones

Fungi isolated from snap bean roots and rhizosphere soil where fungicides are not used included Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium camptoceras, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium solani, Peyronellaea pinodella, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Glomerella guttata. Only P. pinodella, M. phaseolina, and F. oxysporum were isolated on symptomatic plants. These soilborne fungi are common pathogens of diverse host plants. Pathogenicity tests under controlled environment demonstrated that these fungi were pathogenic on snap beans. Subsequently, bacterial endophytes isolated from snap bean roots, papaya roots and stems, and dogwood stems were evaluated as potential biological control agents against these diverse fungi. All bacteria isolated, including Bacillus vallismortis (PS), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Psl), Bacillus subtilis (Prt), Bacillus thuringiensis (Y and IMC8), Enterobacter sp. (E), Stenotrophomonas sp. (B17A), and Serratia sp. (B17B) suppressed growth of the fungal pathogens in vitro and formed clear inhibition zones in petri dish dual cultures. Growth media taken from the inhibition zones suppressed growth of the fungal pathogens in the absence of the bacterial cells, suggesting that the bacteria released unidentified antagonistic biochemical substances into the media. This study constitutes an initial screening of endophytes as biological control agents against diverse fungal pathogens and forms a basis for the discovery of novel strains that can be further developed and integrated into disease management systems for diverse fungal pathogens. Isolates B. vallismortis (PS), B. amyloliquefaciens (Psl), B. subtilis (Prt), and B. thuringiensis (Y IMC8) exhibited the best performance as potential biological control agents paving the way for larger-scale in vivo studies and characterization of their interactions with fungal pathogens.

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Key factors to inoculate Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/0100-5405/1929 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 221-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Álefe Vitorino Borges ◽

Rodrigo Moreira Saraiva ◽

Luiz Antonio Maffia

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Lesion Length ◽

Key Factors ◽

Moist Chamber ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Positive Correlation

Studies addressing the biological control of Botrytis cinerea have been unsuccessful because of fails in inoculating tomato plants with the pathogen. With the aim of establishing a methodology for inoculation into stems, experiments were designed to assess: i. the aggressiveness of pathogen isolates; ii. the age at which tomato plants should be inoculated; iii. the susceptibility of tissues at different stem heights; iv. the need for a moist chamber after inoculation; and v. the effectiveness of gelatin regarding inoculum adhesion. Infection with an isolate from tomato plants that was previously inoculated into petioles and then re-isolated was successful. An isolate from strawberry plants was also aggressive, although less than that from tomato plants. Tomato plants close to flowering, at 65 days after sowing, and younger, middle and apical stem portions were more susceptible. There was positive correlation between lesion length and sporulation and between lesion length and broken stems. Lesion length and the percentage of sporulation sites were reduced by using a moist chamber and were not affected by adding gelatin to the inoculum suspension. This methodology has been adopted in studies of B. cinerea in tomato plants showing reproducible results. The obtained results may assist researchers who study the gray mold.

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