Abstract
Background
Empirical TB treatment in HIV-positive inpatients is common and may undermine the impact of new diagnostics. We sought to describe empirical TB treatment and compare characteristics and outcomes with patients treated for TB after screening.
Methods
Retrospective observational cohort study of HIV-positive inpatients treated empirically for TB prior to TB screening. Data on clinical characteristics, investigations and outcomes were collected from medical records. Comparison cohorts with microbiologically-confirmed or empirical TB treatment after TB screening with Xpert MTB/RIF and urine lipoarabinomannan assays were taken from South African STAMP trial site. In-hospital mortality was compared using a competing-risks analysis adjusted for age, sex and CD4 count.
Results
Between January 2016 and September 2017, 100 patients excluded from STAMP were treated for TB empirically prior to TB screening. After enrolment in STAMP and TB screening, 240/1177 (20.4%) patients received TB treatment, of whom 123 had positive TB tests and 117 were treated empirically. Characteristics were similar among early empirically treated patients and those treated after TB screening. 50% of early empirical TB treatment was based on radiological investigations, 22% on cerebrospinal or pleural fluid testing, and 28% on clinical features alone. Only 11/100 empirically treated patients had subsequent microbiological confirmation. In-hospital mortality was lower in patients with microbiologically-confirmed TB compared to those treated empirically (adjusted sub-distribution HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9).
Conclusions
Empirical TB treatment remains common in severely ill HIV-positive inpatients. These patients may benefit from TB screening using existing rapid diagnostics, both to improve confirmation of TB disease and reduce over-treatment for TB.
Lower genital tract infections during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a hospital based observational cohort study
