scholarly journals Forest Governance: Hydra or Chloris?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas Arts

Many forest-related problems are considered relevant today. One might think of deforestation, illegal logging and biodiversity loss. Yet, many governance initiatives have been initiated to work on their solutions. This Element takes stock of these issues and initiatives by analysing different forest governance modes, shifts and norms, and by studying five cases (forest sector governance, forest legality, forest certification, forest conservation, participatory forest management). Special focus is on performance: are the many forest governance initiatives able to change established practices of forest decline (Chloris worldview) or are they doomed to fail (Hydra worldview)? The answer will be both, depending on geographies and local conditions. The analyses are guided by discursive institutionalism and philosophical pragmatism. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald K. Hambleton ◽  
Anil Kanjee

Translating or adapting psychological and educational tests from one language and culture to other languages and cultures has been a common practice for almost a hundred years, beginning with Binet's test of intelligence. Despite the long history and the many good reasons for adapting tests, proper methods for conducting test adaptations and establishing score equivalence are not well known by psychologists. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on judgmental and statistical methods and procedures for adapting tests with special focus on procedures for identifying poorly adapted items. When these methods are correctly applied, the validity of any cross-cultural uses of the adapted test should be increased.


Author(s):  
Vivien A. Schmidt

Chapter 5 discusses the pathway to legitimacy of the European Council (and the Council), with a special focus on Germany’s predominance through “one size fits one” rules. The chapter begins with an analysis of the Council’s particular sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy in Eurozone governance. It questions member-state leaders’ assumptions about their representativeness (input legitimacy), then asks if they meet the requirements of deliberative mutual accountability (throughput legitimacy) or even whether Germany fits the criteria expected of a benevolent hegemon. Next the chapter discusses the Janus-faced public perceptions of Council crisis governance. These are divided between views of the Council as an unaccountable (German) dictatorship or as a mutually accountable deliberative body (in the shadow of Germany). This part first presents the Council as an unaccountable dictatorship by detailing the ways in which Germany was predominant on its own and/or in tandem with a weaker France. It then counters with a discussion of the Council as a mutually accountable deliberative body, by charting not only the many instances in which member states agreed with German preferences but also where Germany acquiesced to those of other member states. The chapter ends with an examination of the actions of the Council (in particular the Eurogroup of Finance Ministers) and the Troika (IMF, Commission, and ECB) with regard to the program countries. This can be seen as two sides of the same coin: harsh dictatorship (especially the third Greek bailout) or deliberative authoritarianism (eg, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and Greece in the second bailout).


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu Chu ◽  
Rie Nomura ◽  
Suguru Mori

Mixed habitation environments have gradually proved to be an effective planning method to promote social integration in many countries. However, due to the differences in the social backgrounds of each country, it is essential to implement construction methods suitable for local conditions. On the other hand, the planning theories and construction methods discussed from multiple perspectives, including an architectural perspective of spatial forms, have been insufficient, which is not conducive to constructing a sustainable dwelling environment. This article aims to clarify the planning status of spatial forms and their issues by investigating existing projects with mixed habitation environments in China. Unlike other countries that have implemented relevant policies for many years, China has just begun to explore relevant schemes (i.e., public-rental housing in private-owned housing complexes) aiming to promote mixed habitation environments. The selected research objects included all projects already inhabited at the end of June 2017 in the city of Beijing. Through field survey, the research objects were divided into eight types via an analysis of building layouts and residents’ traffic lines. The results show that out of the many research objects, two kinds of housing were clearly distinctive, and only a few research objects matched the basic conditions to be defined as a mixed habitation. The conditions are not conducive to the formation of mixed habitation; therefore, a more detailed discussion on how to design a mixed habitation environment is necessary to aid further research.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Timothy Trainor

Abstract. The world is at a crossroads. The current global pandemic has had an impact on every person, their national and global economies, and their ability to preserve a sustainable environment. To understand the health impacts of such an intrusive consequence requires understanding of the pandemic’s cause, its spread among populations, preventive measures to contain its spread and plans for protecting people from future outbreaks. Each one of these factors requires specific types of data and each data point requires location to make it meaningful. This is complicated because of the extent of the challenges. It is further complicated by the lack of timely data, the required location precision, and concerns over policy issues like privacy. Maps, mapping, and cartographers are needed as part of the formula for finding solutions on each of these factors.The International Cartographic Association (ICA) is positioned to help in providing solutions. The structure of the ICA, through its various programs, is sufficiently flexible to respond to these critical issues in practical ways that yield useful results. As an example, new ICA Working Groups were recently established to focus on sustainability and bolstering national mapping and national geospatial organizations while a longer-term commitment centers on a revised research agenda to meet current and future cartographic and GIScience needs. These examples are in addition to other components of the ICA program including the ICA Commissions, conferences, and publications.As the pandemic is global, local to global solutions are needed. The ICA has been actively engaged with the United Nations through the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management. Three UN initiatives, two of which are geospatial frameworks, call out to the cartographic community for their help. The first is the Sustainable Development Goals that began in 2015 with a 2030 target to focus on a better understanding of national populations, their economies and their environments. Measuring and monitoring progress requires data, processes, systems, leadership, and commitment to be effective. The second effort is the Integrated Geospatial Information Framework, the next rendition of National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI), that focuses on nine Strategic Pathways that are needed to create and maintain a sustainable geospatial program. The third initiative responds to the statistical and geospatial communities working together to create the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework which focuses on the integration of these two linked data types.Cartographers can contribute in two areas. The first calls on their knowledge and expertise in working with different data types. For example, geospatially referenced statistical data oftentimes benefits from basic generalization principles such as combination, simplification, exaggeration and displacement. The absence of a small-area global geography sometimes inhibits the usefulness of statistical information which has become painfully evident during this pandemic. The second area that calls out to cartographers is to use their skills in making as many useful maps as possible. These maps need to show current local conditions, illuminate deficiencies, tell a story, and/or inform strategies and plans for addressing the many challenges we face between the pandemic and the underlying conditions of people, their communities, and circumstances oftentimes outside of their control.The presentation shows examples of some of these points and the ICA’s participation thus far. Opportunities for involvement are left to the imaginations of each of us. What is needed now is for cartographers and the cartographic community to act in ways that help in solving current challenges, informing some of the root causes and systemic problems that need attention while outlining approaches for a path forward in our ever increasingly complex world.


2020 ◽  
pp. 097639962094046
Author(s):  
Oleg Pakhomov

The paper examines East Asia as regional civilization whose enduring characteristics emerged from long-term relations towards the Chinese model of a centralized state. The civilizational approach helps to understand the interrelation between different aspects of the region, such as politics, economy or culture. Chinese statehood relied on the principle of total power unrestricted by any norms of morality or laws and its neutralization by non-state institutions and informal networks. These two aspects helped to maintain a dynamic equilibrium of the political system and adapt it towards internal and external changes. The adoption of Chinese statehood came into contradiction with Korean and Japanese natural and social characteristics. This produced risks for the internal political legitimacy of political systems constructed according to the Chinese model in both countries. Necessity to preserve internal legitimacy encouraged external expansion of Imperial China and forced Korea and Japan to resist Sinocentric order but continue to adapt Chinese influence to local conditions. This contradiction defined reality of East Asian region during the traditional period, influenced its transition to modernity and remains relevant today.


FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Renê Galiciolli ◽  
Anadalvo Juazeiro dos Santos ◽  
Vitor Afonso Hoeflich

Governança florestal é tema de relevância entre as mais importantes organizações internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), a Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OECD) e o Banco Mundial que, de forma convergente, defendem a importância das florestas no equilíbrio físico, econômico e cultural e a necessidade de sua conservação e utilização sensata. Essas organizações desenvolvem e testam indicadores de governança florestal discutindo sobre governança das florestas e de desenvolvimento florestal. O presente artigo objetiva analisar a percepção dos atores sociais do setor florestal paranaense acerca da governança florestal, tomando-se como referência um “modelo” de análise adotado pela OECD (2005). Como instrumento metodológico, adaptou-se o modelo de questionário desenvolvido pela OECD, aplicado então aos atores sociais envolvidos na gestão florestal do Paraná, que foram indagados sobre governança florestal. O estudo teve como referencial teórico o quadro desenvolvido pela FAO (2011), em que se determinam três pilares de boa governança florestal: a política legal regulamentar, o planejamento e tomada de decisões e a implementação dos processos de políticas florestais.Palavras-chave: Governo do Paraná; governança florestal; FAO. AbstractThe government actions and forest governance in Paraná. Forest governance is a matter of relevance among the most important international organizations like the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. Such organizations, in a convergent way, advocate the importance of forests in physical, economic and cultural balance as well as the need for their conservation and wise use. These organizations develop and test indicators of forest governance discussing forests governance and development. This article aims to analyze the perception of social actors in the forest sector in Paraná on forest governance, taking as reference a "model" analysis adopted by the OECD (2005). As a methodological tool, we adapted the questionnaire model developed by the OECD, then applied it to the social actors involved in forest management in Paraná, who were asked about forest governance. The study had as theoretical bases the framework developed by FAO (2011) which determines three pillars of good forest governance: legal policy regulations; planning and decision-making processes and implementation of forest policies.Keywords: Government of Paraná; forest; FAO.


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1152-1159
Author(s):  
Felicitas Egunyu ◽  
Maureen G. Reed ◽  
A. John Sinclair ◽  
John R. Parkins ◽  
James P. Robson

Researchers and advocates have long argued that on-going engagement by broad segments of the public can help make forests and forest-based communities more sustainable and decisions more enduring. In Canada, public engagement in sustainable forest management has primarily taken one of two approaches: advisory forums through forest-sector advisory committees (FACs) and direct decision-making authority through community forest boards (CFBs). The purpose of this paper is to compare these two approaches by focusing on who participates and the values that participants bring to their deliberations. We conducted a national survey of FACs and CFBs involving 402 participants. Results showed that both models favoured well-educated, Caucasian men and fell short on the representation of women and Indigenous peoples. Additionally, despite different levels of authority in relation to forest management decisions, participants in CFBs and FACs shared similar forest values. Hence, we conclude that neither model of forest governance encourages participation from a diverse public. Our findings suggest the need to find new ways of recruiting diverse participants and to investigate more deeply whether local and extra-local pressures and power dynamics shape these processes. Such information can inform the establishment of more robust institutions for decision-making in support of sustainable forest management.


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwei GUAN

AbstractThe evolution of China’s trade and investment regime since the late 1970s has been a process of constant liberalization of FDI control with a special focus on national development and self-determination. This so-called Beijing Consensus presents a sharp contrast with the neo-liberalist Washington Consensus. A theoretical analysis of this contrast from the law and development critique reveals that, while setting forth itself as the development model and excluding other development alternatives, the legitimacy deficit of the Washington Consensus stems from a self-sufficient ontological myth of legal voluntarism. The Beijing Consensus, with its attention to local conditions and emphasis on self-determination, gains its legitimacy through the dynamic process of selective adaptation of limit-transgression through which it challenges and at the same time enriches international development legitimacy. This article suggests that the Beijing Consensus’ roots in the African Continent’s Agenda 2063 and its First Ten-year Implementation Plan offer positive future prospects.


2020 ◽  
Vol 402 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Simone Wanderoy ◽  
J. Tabitha Hees ◽  
Ramona Klesse ◽  
Frank Edlich ◽  
Angelika B. Harbauer

AbstractMitochondria are key players of cellular metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. The functionality of mitochondria is tightly regulated, and dysfunctional mitochondria are removed via mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy that is compromised in hereditary forms of Parkinson’s disease. Through mitophagy, cells are able to cope with mitochondrial stress until the damage becomes too great, which leads to the activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Active pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins facilitate the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) into the cytosol, committing the cell to apoptosis by activating a cascade of cysteinyl-aspartate specific proteases (caspases). We are only beginning to understand how the choice between mitophagy and the activation of caspases is determined on the mitochondrial surface. Intriguingly in neurons, caspase activation also plays a non-apoptotic role in synaptic plasticity. Here we review the current knowledge on the interplay between mitophagy and caspase activation with a special focus on the central nervous system.


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