scholarly journals A Landscape Perspective on Climate-Driven Risks to Food Security: Exploring the Relationship between Climate and Social Transformation in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Strawhacker ◽  
Grant Snitker ◽  
Matthew A. Peeples ◽  
Ann P. Kinzig ◽  
Keith W. Kintigh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Agricultural Communities ◽  
The Relationship

Spatially and temporally unpredictable rainfall patterns presented food production challenges to small-scale agricultural communities, requiring multiple risk-mitigating strategies to increase food security. Although site-based investigations of the relationship between climate and agricultural production offer insights into how individual communities may have created long-term adaptations to manage risk, the inherent spatial variability of climate-driven risk makes a landscape-scale perspective valuable. In this article, we model risk by evaluating how the spatial structure of ancient climate conditions may have affected the reliability of three major strategies used to reduce risk: drawing upon social networks in time of need, hunting and gathering of wild resources, and storing surplus food. We then explore how climate-driven changes to this reliability may relate to archaeologically observed social transformations. We demonstrate the utility of this methodology by comparing the Salinas and Cibola regions in the prehispanic U.S. Southwest to understand the complex relationship among climate-driven threats to food security, risk-mitigation strategies, and social transformations. Our results suggest key differences in how communities buffered against risk in the Cibola and Salinas study regions, with the structure of precipitation influencing the range of strategies to which communities had access through time.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella enterica in livestock raised on diversified small-scale farms in California

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. A. Pires ◽  
L. Patterson ◽  
E. A. Kukielka ◽  
P. Aminabadi ◽  
N. Navarro-Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Diversified farms are operations that raise a variety of crops and/or multiple species of livestock, with the goal of utilising the products of one for the growth of the other, thus fostering a sustainable cycle. This type of farming reflects consumers' increasing demand for sustainably produced, naturally raised or pasture-raised animal products that are commonly produced on diversified farms. The specific objectives of this study were to characterise diversified small-scale farms (DSSF) in California, estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. in livestock and poultry, and evaluate the association between farm- and sample-level risk factors and the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. on DSSF in California using a multilevel logistic model. Most participating farms were organic and raised more than one animal species. Overall Salmonella prevalence was 1.19% (95% confidence interval (CI95) 0.6–2), and overall Campylobacter spp. prevalence was 10.8% (CI95 = 9–12.9). Significant risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. were farm size (odds ratio (OR)10–50 acres: less than 10 acres = 6, CI95 = 2.11–29.8), ownership of swine (OR = 9.3, CI95 = 3.4–38.8) and season (ORSpring: Coastal summer = 3.5, CI95 = 1.1–10.9; ORWinter: Coastal summer = 3.23, CI95 = 1.4–7.4). As the number of DSSF continues to grow, evaluating risk factors and management practices that are unique to these operations will help identify risk mitigation strategies and develop outreach materials to improve the food safety of animal and vegetable products produced on DSSF.

scholarly journals Wild Food Harvest, Food Security, and Biodiversity Conservation in Jamaica: A Case Study of the Millbank Farming Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan Campbell ◽  
Alex A. Moulton ◽  
David Barker ◽  
Tashana Malcolm ◽  
Lance Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wild Food ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
The Relationship

Harvesting wild food is an important coping strategy to deal with food insecurity in farming households across the Caribbean. The practice is tightly connected to the region's unique agrarian history, food heritage, traditional cuisine, and local knowledge of wild or semidomesticated plants. In Jamaica, small-scale farmers are the chief stewards of agrobiodiversity, and their food security and well-being are often dependent on wild food harvest. Yet, there is a paucity of empirical research on the relationship between wild food use, food security, and biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we use the knowledge and lived experience of rural farmers in a remote community (Millbank) at the edge of the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park (BJMNP) to explore the relationship between wild food harvest and food insecurity within the context of protected area management. Specifically, we seek to (1) characterize different patterns of wild food harvest; (2) examine the relationship between food insecurity and wild food harvest, and (3) explore the implications of forest conservation measures for wild food harvest. Detailed interviews were conducted with 43 farmers to capture data on food insecurity, wild food collection, livelihood satisfaction, household characteristics, farming activities, livelihood strategies, and forest resource interaction. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was used to characterize food insecurity, while participatory techniques were used to develop indicators to assess the well-being of farmers. The results show strong evidence of a relationship between wild food harvest and food insecurity (p < 0.001). Overall, the findings support the importance of wild foods to the well-being of rural households and provide empirical evidence for its inclusion in food security, poverty, and biodiversity conservation policies.

The moderating effect of project risk mitigation strategies on the relationship between delay factors and construction project performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaiza Zailani ◽  
Hazrina Aziz Md. Ariffin ◽  
Mohammad Iranmanesh ◽  
Soroush Moeinzadeh ◽  
Masoomeh Iranmanesh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Project Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to explore the relationship between delay factors and construction project performance with respect to project risk mitigation strategies as moderators. Design/methodology/approach Random sampling was used to select the sample of the study. Data were gathered through a survey of 204 Malaysian construction companies. The data were analysed using the partial least squares technique. Findings The results indicate that environmental, resource and coordination issues negatively affect construction project performance. Project visibility and flexibility can mitigate the negative effects of both resource and coordination issues on project performance. Furthermore, supplier development can mitigate the negative effects of coordination issues. Practical implications The findings of the study will be useful for construction firms to complete construction projects timely, within a scheduled budget and with only minor defects if adopted. Originality/value This study is among the first to empirically test the moderating role of risk mitigation strategies on the relationship between delay factors and project performance in the construction industry.

Benchmarking the relationship between supply chain risk mitigation strategies and practices: an integrated approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1683-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Tarei ◽  
Jitesh J. Thakkar ◽  
Barnali Nag
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between various risk management strategies and risk management practices in order to design and hence enact a suitable supply chain risk mitigation (RM) plan. Additionally, this study proposes a hierarchical framework to explain the mutual relationship between supply chain risk management (SCRM) practices and strategies by considering the underlying dimensions between them.Design/methodology/approachAn amalgamation of systematic literature analysis (SLA) and correspondence analysis (CA) has been performed to develop the conceptual framework. A real-life case of Indian petroleum supply chain has been considered to validate and explain the proposed model.FindingsThe results reveal three underlying dimensions, which associate the relationship between RM strategies. They are, risk adaptability of SC managers with a variance of 34.71%, followed by resource capability of the firm and the degree of sophistication of RM practices, with variances of 27.72 and 20.35%, respectively. Risk avoidance strategy comprises of practices such as supplier evaluation, technology adaption, flexible process and information security. On the other extreme, the risk sharing strategy includes revenue sharing, insurance, collaboration, public–private partnership and so on as essential RM practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe study not only focuses on the distinction between RM strategies and practices, which were used interchangeably in the prior literature, but also provides an association between the same by exploring the underlying dimensions. These underlying dimensions perform a crucial role while developing a risk management plan. This study explicitly focuses on the RM step of SCRM process. Pre and post risk mitigation phases of SCRM process, such as risk assessment and risk monitoring, are beyond the scope of the current research.Originality/valueThe paper develops a framework for mapping various RM strategies with their corresponding practices by considering the Indian petroleum supply chain as a viable case study. Various theoretical and business implications are derived in the context of the developing country.

Proactive risk mitigation strategies and supply chain risk management performance: an empirical analysis for manufacturing firms in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesim Can Saglam ◽  
Sibel Yildiz Çankaya ◽  
Bulent Sezen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeIn spite of its potential benefits in a wide range of situations, supply chain risk mitigation strategies have received scant attention on the subject of managing the supply chain risk in the business environment. Especially, there is still a limited understanding of the importance of firms’ supply chain flexibility, resilience and responsiveness in the supply chain risk management (SCRM) literature. This research focuses on exploring the relationship between significant proactive risk mitigation strategies, namely supply chain (SC) flexibility, resilience and responsiveness, as well as SCRM performance to facilitate bridging the gap between mitigation strategies and SCRM performance. The moderating role of risk management (RM) culture was also hypothesized and tested.Design/methodology/approachA survey-based methodology is adopted. The data are analyzed using the technique of partial least squares.FindingsThe results indicate that SC resilience and responsiveness are positively associated with SCRM performance; however, SC flexibility does not. In addition, interestingly, RM culture does not moderate these relationships in spite of the extant literature. We argue that this could be due to the fact that risk management culture is at the beginning stage for an enterprise in Turkey.Originality/valueThis study extends the existing literature by advancing the knowledge on the relationship between proactive risk management strategies, which applied to overcome uncertainties and SCRM performance.

scholarly journals Which empowerment, which Health Promotion?Conceptual convergences and divergences in preventive health practices

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Santos Ferreira ◽  
Luis David Castiel
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the multiple meanings, "empowerment" can be identified with either conservative or critical Health Promotion approaches. From a conservative approach, the concept is viewed as an essentially individual phenomenon, centered on the provision of information and the external transfer of power in the name of the collective good. From this approach, the relationship between "psychological" and "community" empowerment is not considered. From a critical approach, the concept is viewed as a relational phenomenon that manifests itself in the dialectic conflict of interests between individuals, groups, and social classes. From this approach, "psychological" and "community" empowerment are seen as micro and macro levels of analysis, and social transformations are the result of simultaneous changes at these levels. The use of the notion of empowerment without critical reflection or political analysis of power relations in society disseminates vague, romantic, and homogeneous views of "community". Therefore, to assume the relational nature of empowerment means to accept its interdependence with the notion of participation, without which there can be no social transformation. Thus, one should be vigilant about multiple meanings that empowerment can given in Health Promotion discourse.

Exploring the South African Government Communication on Land Expropriation without Compensation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungisani Moyo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Food Security ◽  
South African ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
South African Government ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Land Expropriation ◽  
African Government ◽  
Government Communication

ABSTRACT This paper used qualitative methodology to explore the South African government communication and land expropriation without compensation and its effects on food security using Alice town located in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa as its case study. This was done to allow the participants to give their perceptions on the role of government communication on land expropriation without compensation and its effects on South African food security. In this paper, a total population of 30 comprising of 26 small scale farmers in rural Alice and 4 employees from the Department of Agriculture (Alice), Eastern Cape, South Africa were interviewed to get their perception and views on government communications and land expropriation without compensation and its effects on South African food security. The findings of this paper revealed that the agricultural sector plays a vital role in the South African economy hence there is a great need to speed up transformation in the sector.

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